Download: A guide to using WinGLink® Ver 2.1.1
A guide to using WinGLink® Ver 2.1.1 By GEOSYSTEM SRL WinGLink® User's Guide, Release 2.1.1 This Manual is produced solely for WinGLink Users Reference and circulation is restricted to registered WinGLink® Users. Reproduction of the User’s Manual in any form is strictly forbidden. Copyright © 1998-2003 by: GEOSYSTEM SRL - All rights reserved. Printed in Milan, June 24, 2003 WinGLink ® is a registered Trademark of: GEOSYSTEM SRL 17 Viale Abruzzi, 20131 MILAN, Italy Tel :++39-02-29404727, Fax:++39-02-29404577 www.geosystem.net Whilst every effort has been made to ensure the provision of correct ...
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A guide to using . This will install the dongle driver and enable your PC to recognize the dongle. Note: The dongle does not affect any of the standard operations of the system; any device connected to the parallel/USB port via the dongle will work as it did before inserting the dongle. box, select the type of data to be imported. 2. Browse the directories until you find the text file to be imported. 3. Click the filename(s) of the files to be imported and select it (use the Preview command if you would like to quickly check the file contents). Click Next. 4. If the destination project already has stations, choose the desired options for updating duplicate stations. Click Next. A guide to using WinGLink Getting Started • 3-11, 5. The Data Import import wizard dialog box for the selected type of text file opens: 6. Check the appropriate boxes in the Data type frame at the top of the Data Import dialog box . These are used by the import wizard to guess the field separation in the text file being imported. You can check the data type in the preview window at the bottom of the dialog box. 7. Specify which rows are to be imported in the Rows to import section of the dialog box. Use this option to skip header and/or footer lines. 8. In the Preview of file portion of the dialog box, check that the input file is read correctly. If necessary, use the mouse to correct the field separation. Red lines represent field breaks. To CREATE a field break, click the mouse at the desired position; to DELETE a field break, double-click the line. Click Next to display a preview of the file columns: 9. Click the header of each column to select the field for each column. 10. The import wizard varies depending on the type of data being imported. The dialog box shown in the above picture refers to the import of a text file with station coordinates and values. Forms importing sounding data or well courses are similar, and have predefined fields to be selected depending on the station data type (MT, DC, Wells). 3-12 • Getting Started A guide to using WinGLink, Note: Columns marked with will be ignored during the import. When finished, press Save to confirm the import box, select TGF Files. 4. Browse the directories until you find the file(s) to be imported. 5. Select the name of each file to be imported. 6. Click Next. 7. Click each of the stations which are to be imported. Note: If no stations are listed, either no stations are contained in your TGF file or your file is not conformant with the TGF specifications. box, select EDI files. 3. Browse the directories until the EDI files to be imported are listed. A guide to using WinGLink Getting Started • 3-13, 4. Click the names of the file(s) to be imported. Click Next. 5. The EDI import wizard dialog box opens: To select the correct Impedance Rotation option, choose: box, select Resix, Temix or EmixMT datasets. 4. Browse the directories until you find the dataset(s) to be imported. 5. Select the name of each file to be imported. 6. Click Next. 7. Follow the instructions displayed by the import wizard. box, select Geolink 6.0 project. 3. Browse the directories until the header of the desired project is displayed. 4. Select the name of the file to be imported. 5. Click Next. 6. Continue; enter any information requested by the import wizard. box, click TemMerge files. 4. Browse the directories until you find the files to be imported. 5. Select the name of each file to be imported. 6. Click Next. 7. Continue; enter any information requested by the import wizard. 3-16 • Getting Started A guide to using WinGLink, or similar. 2. When prompted for the database properties, enter the parameters that match the coordinate system of the stations to be imported. A guide to using WinGLink Getting Started • 3-17, 3. Import the stations into a new project of the database. 4. Close the database. 5. Open the final destination database. This is the database which contains the coordinate system to be used. 6. On the File menu, click Importing station data. 7. In the Importing station data dialog box, select A Project of another WinGLink database. 8. Browse the directories until you find the database . 9. Select the database and click Next. 10. Select the project in which the stations were previously saved, then click Next. 11. WinGLink will show a warning to inform you that the source and target databases have different coordinate systems, which is correct. 12. Confirm the import with coordinate conversion. 13. The stations will be imported and their coordinates will be converted during the import. to rescale the view area and show the entire grid. to stop adding bodies. to stop deleting bodies to stop moving bodies. While moving the body, all clipped vertices remain fixed. Important: Before moving the body, make sure the Automatic Vertical Shift option is turned off, otherwise it will be calculated and applied at every move. to stop splitting bodies. Notes: • Both closed and open bodies can be split, including the reference body. 11-8 • Gravity and Magnetic 2.75D Modeling A guide to using WinGLink, • When splitting a body, the common vertices are automatically clipped and displayed in red. • When splitting the reference body, a new body is added to the model. Vertices on the topography are clipped to the topographic profile. in the Edit Body form: 11-10 • Gravity and Magnetic 2.75D Modeling A guide to using WinGLink, The label for a new body is automatically created by the program when closing the Edit Body form Each time the body properties are edited, the contents of the Body Labels are automatically updated. item in the Layer Name column and click OK. Likewise, an exiting layer can be inserted into the document by selecting the layer name and clicking OK. When inserting an existing cultural data layer into a document, you may insert either the original layer or a copy of it. If you select the Link to Original checkbox when inserting an existing layer into a cultural data layer, any change made to the layer will be reflected in other documents/layers which use the layer, provided they, too, use the layer in linked mode. If the Link to Original checkbox is not selected when inserting an existing layer into a document, a new cultural data layer is created and will be listed in the Select Layer window the next time a cultural data layer is created. 12-22 • Interpreted Views and Montage A guide to using WinGLink, The names of linked cultural data layers are displayed in bold text in the Layer Navigator when the document is next opened. Note: To prevent confusion with layer names, when inserting an existing layer into a document without checking the Link to Original check box, it is recommended that you rename the layer in the Layer Navigator. The same name will otherwise be used for two different layers the next time the Select Layer window is opened. Instructions on how to create each of the cultural data types follow: Labels To create a new label: 1. Click the label button on the IVM toolbar: 2. The mouse pointer changes to a crosshair with a question mark. Click the mouse at the location on the document at which the label is to be inserted. 3. The Label Properties dialog box opens: 4. Enter the desired text in the text field. The text display properties can be edited by clicking the Abc… button in the upper part of the window: A guide to using WinGLink Interpreted Views and Montage • 12-23, In addition to standard text formatting features, the Text Format dialog box includes an option for rotating the label. 5. After entering the text and setting any formatting properties, click OK in the Label Properties dialog box to close the window. The label is positioned on the document at the desired location with the specified format properties. Text boxes To create a new text box: 1. Click the text box button on IVM toolbar: 2. The mouse pointer changes to a crosshair with a question mark. Click the mouse at the location on the document at which the text box is to be inserted. 3. The Text Properties window opens: While similar to the Label Properties window, the Text Properties window includes additional options for text alignment, drawing a frame around the text and adding transparency to the element. Enter the desired text in the text field. Formatting properties can be assigned to the text by clicking the Abc…option in the upper part of the window, which opens the same Text Format dialog box used for label elements. 4. After entering the text and setting any formatting properties, click OK in the Text Properties dialog box to close the window. The text is positioned on the document at the desired location with the specified format properties. Shapes To create a new shape: 1. Click the shape button on the IVM toolbar: 2. The mouse pointer changes to a crosshair with a question mark. Click and hold down the mouse at the location on the document at which the shape is to be inserted and, keeping the mouse 12-24 • Interpreted Views and Montage A guide to using WinGLink, button depressed, drag the mouse to create a box of the desired size. 3. Upon releasing the mouse, a shape of the default type appears (rectangle). The shape properties can be edited by - double-clicking the shape - right-clicking the shape to open the shortcut menu; when open, select the Properties command. - clicking the Edit Object Properties button on the IVM toolbar: The Shape Properties dialog box opens: In the Color and Lines tab of the Shape Properties dialog box, set the display properties for the object and select the shape type (rectangle or oval). Click the Fill check box to enable the Fill button. The IVM fill feature, which is described in the Tools section of this chapter, can be used to fill the shape with a standard- or user-defined fill pattern. A guide to using WinGLink Interpreted Views and Montage • 12-25, 4. Click the Size tab to set size properties for the shape: The Height and Width fields are not active for shape objects. Positive rotation is counterclockwise about the upper left corner. Polylines To create a new polyline: 1. Click the polyline button on the IVM toolbar: 2. The mouse pointer changes to a crosshair with a question mark. Click the mouse at the location on the document at which the polyline is to begin. Move the mouse to the location of the next vertex and click again. Continue this procedure until the desired polyline has been created. Double-click the mouse to set the final vertex. 3. Immediately after setting the final vertex, the Polyline Properties window opens: 12-26 • Interpreted Views and Montage A guide to using WinGLink, Set the fill, line and color properties and as desired and click OK. Note. The IVM fill and pattern features are described in the Tools section of this chapter. The Use Pattern option in the Line Properties section of the window can be used to augment the defining line with a pattern, e.g. x marks, circles, triangles. 4. A polyline object can be scaled or resized by first selecting it with the mouse, then grabbing one of the yellow handles with the mouse pointer and pulling it to the desired size. Polylines can also be exported as external text files and then as well as reimported into other documents. To export a polyline: 1 Click the polyline object to select it. 2. Right-click the mouse on the document window to open the shortcut window: Select the Export command to open the standard Windows dialog box for saving files. To import an external polyline definition: 1. Make certain that a Cultural Data layer is enabled for editing in the Layer Navigator. A guide to using WinGLink Interpreted Views and Montage • 12-27, 2. Right-click the mouse on the document window to open the shortcut menu: 3. Click the Import Polyline command to open the standard Windows dialog box for opening files. Browse the directories until you have found the desired file, then click Open. 4. The WinGLink Import Wizard opens: The Import Wizard, which is described in detail in Chapter 3 of the WinGLink manual, guides you through the import process. After providing the requested information, the polyline data will be imported from the external file and the object created in the active cultural data layer. Free shapes: Free shapes are similar to polyline elements, the primary difference being that free shapes automatically connect the last node to the first node, resulting in a closed element. To create a free shape: 1. Either click the polyline button on the IVM toolbar: or right-click the mouse on the document window to open the 12-28 • Interpreted Views and Montage A guide to using WinGLink, shortcut menu and select the FreeForm command: 2. The mouse pointer changes to a crosshair with a question mark. As with polyline elements, click the mouse at the location on the document at which the free shape is to begin. Move the mouse to the location of the next node point and click again. Continue this procedure until the desired shape has been created. Double-click the mouse to set the final vertex and automatically connect the last vertex to the first vertex. 3. After setting the final vertex, the same properties window as for polylines opens. Set the properties as desired, then click the OK button. As with polylines, free shape elements can be exported to external files and reimported. Refer to the description of polylines above for details. Images External bitmap graphics files can be imported into cultural data layers. Before they can be imported into IVM, however, they must first be copied into a folder named images which is created automatically by IVM the first time the images button is clicked. This folder is located in the WinGLink folder on your hard disk. Only images located in the images folder are available for import. To place an image in a cultural data layer: 1. Either click the images button on the IVM toolbar: or right-click the mouse on the document window to open the shortcut menu and select the Image command. 2. The Select Image dialog box opens: A guide to using WinGLink Interpreted Views and Montage • 12-29, This dialog box lists all images contained in the Image folder mentioned above. Select the desired image and click OK. 3. The mouse pointer changes to a crosshair with a question mark. Click the mouse at the location on the document at which the image is to be inserted. 4. Open the Shape Properties window by double-clicking the image or by using one of the other previously mentioned methods for opening property windows. The Shape Properties window consists of three tabs: In the Colors and Lines tab, only the options in the Fill Properties section of the tab are available. The Make transparent for color option is used to make a specific color or range of colors transparent. Enable this function by clicking the checkbox. Select the desired color by clicking the arrow button. You can specify the sensitivity of the transparency function with the Color Tolerance scale. With a low tolerance value (arrow to the left), only colors closely matching that in the color picker are made transparent. Higher values, on the other hand, make a broader range of colors transparent. This function can be used, for example, to make the background of an image transparent. 12-30 • Interpreted Views and Montage A guide to using WinGLink, The options in the Size tab are used to specify image size in either absolute units or to scale the image to a relative size. The values entered in the upper set of Height and Width boxes set the image to the specified size, where the units are the same as those used in the document axes. The lower set of Height and Width boxes scales the image to the specified percent value. When the Lock aspect ratio checkbox is enabled, the height and width values change in proportion to one another, preventing the image from becoming distorted as the size is changed. When the Relative to original picture size checkbox is enabled, the scale values displayed are relative to the original image size, which is displayed at the bottom of the window. If not enabled, the scale values are relative to the current image size, i.e. size of the image when the Shape Properties window was opened. The Rotation option is not available for image elements. The origin of images is the lower-left corner. A guide to using WinGLink Interpreted Views and Montage • 12-31, You may set the position of the image to a specific value on an IVM document using the fields provided in the Position tab. The X-Coord and Y-Coord fields refer to the lower left and lower bottom corners of an image, respectively. If the Lock lower-left corner checkbox is enabled, the image location is fixed on the screen. While the image can still be resized, the position of the lower-left corner does not change. 5. Shape objects can be scaled or resized either by using the options provided in the Shape Properties dialog box or by using the mouse. To manually resize a shape element, select it by clicking with the mouse, then grab one of the yellow handles with the mouse pointer and pull to the desired size. Note: Options set in the Shape Properties window remain in effect when manually changing the image size and location. For example, when the Lock aspect ratio checkbox is enabled, the image proportions are retained when the image is resized with the mouse. Symbols To place symbol in a cultural data layer: 1. Either click the symbol button on the IVM toolbar: or right-click the mouse on the document window to open the shortcut menu and select the Symbol command. 2. The mouse pointer changes to a crosshair with a question mark. Click and hold down the mouse at the location on the document at which the symbol is to be inserted and, keeping the mouse button depressed, drag the mouse to create a box of the desired size. 12-32 • Interpreted Views and Montage A guide to using WinGLink, 3. As with shape elements, a symbol of the default type appears (arrow). The symbol properties can be edited by - double-clicking the symbol - right-clicking the symbol to open the shortcut menu; when open, select the Properties command. - clicking the Edit Object Properties button on the IVM toolbar: 4. The Symbol Properties dialog box opens: Chose the symbol type. Symbols currently available are: arrows, rectangles, circles and crosses. Set the remaining parameters as desired. Click OK. item in the Layer Name column and click OK. Likewise, an existing layer can be inserted into the document by selecting the layer name and clicking OK. When inserting an existing interpretation area layer into a document, you may insert either the original layer or a copy of it. If you select the Link to Original check box when inserting an existing layer into an interpretation area layer, any change made to the layer will be reflected in any other documents / layers which use the layer, provided they, too, use the layer in linked mode. If the Link to Original check box is not selected when inserting an existing layer into a document, a new interpretation area layer is created and will be listed in the Select Layer window the next time an interpretation area layer is created. 3. If creating a new interpretation area, IVM displays an info box instructing you to insert an interpretation area. Confirm by clicking OK. 4. The mouse pointer changes to a crosshair with a question mark. Click the mouse at the location on the document at which the interpretation area is to begin. Move the mouse to the location of the next vertex and click again. Continue this procedure until the desired interpretation area has been created. Double-click the mouse to set the final vertex and automatically connect the last vertex to the first vertex. A guide to using WinGLink Interpreted Views and Montage • 12-35, in the Tools frame. 2. The main Tools menu is displayed. 3. In the left panel, select MT. 4. In the left frame, select EDI Utilities. 5. Click 6. Select Imagem/Stratagem Z Files. 7. In the Imagem/Stratagem Z files conversion to EDI form: use the buttons to set the input path, where the z*.* are located, and the output path, where the converted EDI files are to be output. 8. The input files should be listed in the left box under the Source files column. 9. Use the mouse to select the z*.* files you want to convert. Hold down the or the keys while clicking the mouse on the file names for multiple selections. 10. A red symbol appears, indicating which files are selected. The equivalent output files are shown to the right under the Destination files column. The names of the destination files can be edited by clicking. After editing, confirm the new name with . For a global view of selected input and output files, click View Table 11. In the Settings section, enter the acquisition azimuth. 13-8 • Tools: Magnetotellurics A guide to using WinGLink, 12. In the Fix Wrong Polarization section of the window, select any channel that might have incorrect acquisition polarization (inverted connectors). Note: This option should be used only to fix bad field settings. 13. Click Run to start the conversion. 14. When finished, exit the program to return to the main Tools menu. 15. You can now open the Data Analysis program by selecting the Field Processing | option in MT Tools for a quick check of the converted files or to import the EDI files into a WinGLink database. Note: Because Stratagem/Imagem z*.* files do not contain any information regarding the site coordinates, the corresponding EDI file will not contain any information on the site location. You will need to edit the site coordinates after importing the EDI files using the Maps application. Select the View data command from the Stations menu in the Maps program to enter the correct site coordinates. ; this is a comment (user data…) (user data…) (user data…) (user data…) A guide to using WinGLink Appendix A: TGF files • 15-1, The file MUST begin with the string . The 100 indicates version 1.00 of the file format, allowing for future changes. A TGF file consists of a series of … pairs, which surround user data. All opening and closing tags, i.e. and , must stand alone on a line. Opening tags may contain parameters, i.e. . Every TGF file must end with an tag. Anything after this tag is ignored. There are two types of tags: 1. Multi-line tags, which act as data containers, primarily of tabular data Example: … 2. Single-line tags, which are used for less complex data. No ending is used for this tag type. Example: … … (rest of file) ; this will wait for user 15-2 • Appendix A: TGF files A guide to using WinGLink, DATA=NAME This is a general user data/table container. The type of data is specified by the name. These are multi-line tags and must be formatted as follows: • One or more spaces or tabs must separate user data columns. • The decimal separator is "." (dot); no thousands separator is allowed. • Numbers can be expressed in scientific notation. • Text data must be enclosed in " " (quotation marks). • Blank lines are ignored. DATA=STAT_COORDS Defines a group of stations Table column definition is: 1. "Station name" 2. X (northing) [Km] 3. Y (easting) [Km] 4. Elevation [m] Example: ; This table builds station locations "st 01" 34.456 21.451 500.2 "st 02" 31.456 13.455 534.7 "st 03" 24.456 43.552 400.9 "st 04" 14.461 65.952 840 "st 05" 74.556 28.457 510 DATA=VSAMPLE_TYPES Defines a table of vertical sample names, with their attributes, and unit of measure and number of decimals to display. Table column definition is: 1. NAME 2. Unit 3. Ndec Example: ; This section defines the names of used vertical vector types A guide to using WinGLink Appendix A: TGF files • 15-3, "Resistivity" "rho" 3 "Temp" "C" 2 "Pressure" "Kpa/cm" 3 DATA=VSAMPLE Defines a vertical sample, its sample type and the reference for Z coordinate. ZMODE="Elev" means Z = 0 at sea level, positive upward ZMODE="Depth" means Z = 0 at station surface, positive downward STATION="Name" name of station to which station is to be associated STYPE="Name" join sample to sample type "name" Table column definition is: 1. Z [m] 2. value [unit of vector type, if any] Example: ZMODE="Depth" ;depth or elev STATION="st 02" STYPE="Resistivity" 122.34 45.223 234.23 167.332 455.43 123.23 1120.34 145.223 1234.23 171.332 1457.43 231.23 2126.34 252.223 2634.23 167.332 2795.43 283.23 3120.34 458.223 3234.23 676.332 3455.43 532.23 ZMODE="Depth" STATION="st 02" STYPE="rho" 15-4 • Appendix A: TGF files A guide to using WinGLink, 122 48.223 238 117.332 457 123.23 1100 175.223 1234 171.332 1437 231.23 2128 212.223 2654 117.332 ;file stations.tgf will be read and.. ; then file vectors.tgf These lines are ignored These lines are ignored These lines are ignored These lines are ignored A guide to using WinGLink Appendix A: TGF files • 15-5, These lines are ignored (Physical end of file) box, select TGF Files. 4. Browse the directories until you find the file(s) to be imported. 5. Select the name of each file to be imported 6. Click Next. 7. Click each of the stations which are to be imported. Note: If no stations are listed, either no stations are contained in your TGF file or your file is not conformant with the TGF specifications.
WinGLink®
Ver 2.1.1 By GEOSYSTEM SRL, WinGLink® User's Guide, Release 2.1.1 This Manual is produced solely for WinGLink Users Reference and circulation is restricted to registered WinGLink® Users. Reproduction of the User’s Manual in any form is strictly forbidden. Copyright © 1998-2003 by: GEOSYSTEM SRL - All rights reserved. Printed in Milan, June 24, 2003 WinGLink ® is a registered Trademark of: GEOSYSTEM SRL 17 Viale Abruzzi, 20131 MILAN, Italy Tel :++39-02-29404727, Fax:++39-02-29404577 www.geosystem.net Whilst every effort has been made to ensure the provision of correct information in the Manual, GEOSYSTEM does not accept responsibility for any errors or use of the information given.,Geosystem License Agreement for WinGLink Software
The Agreement This Geosystem End-User License Agreement is a legal agreement between you (either an individual or a single entity) and Geosystem srl for the software product WinGLink®, which includes computer software, associated media, hardware key and printed materials.IMPORTANT—READ CAREFULLY
WinGLink® software will only work at full performance when a hardware key (DONGLE) is installed on the parallel port of your PC. By installing and using WinGLink® in conjunction with its DONGLE, you agree to be bound by the terms of this Agreement. If you do not agree to the terms of this Agreement, return the DONGLE(S) to us for a full refund within 10 days from the date you received them. WinGLink® LICENSE WinGLink® software is protected by copyright laws and international copyright treaties, as well as other intellectual property laws and treaties. The WinGLink® software is licensed, not sold. GEOSYSTEM grants to you a non-transferable and non-exclusive license to 1. use the WinGLink® Program for your own purposes but only in machine readable form by no-more than the number of users stipulated in Schedule 1. 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The provision of this Agreement shall be binding upon you and GEOSYSTEM and your respective successors and permitted assigns. This Agreement will be governed by the laws of Italy. Amendments This Agreement together with Schedule 1 constitutes the entire agreement and it supersedes all prior agreements, representation and understandings between you and GEOSYSTEM.,Table of Contents
1: INTRODUCTION... 1-1 WinGLink: an overview... 1-1 Data formats accepted by WinGLink ... 1-3 Magnetotellurics (MT, AMT, CSAMT) ... 1-3 Time domain electromagnetics (TDEM)... 1-3 Schlumberger soundings (DC)... 1-3 Gravity and magnetics ... 1-3 Wells ... 1-3 2: INSTALLING AND UNINSTALLING WINGLINK ... 2-1 Minimum hardware and software requirements... 2-1 Contents of the shipping package... 2-2 What’s on the CD... 2-2 Installing the WinGLink package ... 2-2 Uninstalling WinGLink ... 2-3 Cleaning up after an old version of WinGLink ... 2-3 Installing the WinGLink dongle ... 2-3 Installing the dongle driver ... 2-4 Installation troubleshooting ... 2-4 Common warning messages ... 2-4 Optimizing the graphic system settings ... 2-5 The user’s guide ... 2-5 Where to find the manual... 2-5 How to read and print the manual... 2-6 Acrobat Reader installation... 2-6 3: GETTING STARTED ... 3-1 Starting the program ... 3-1 Using WinGLink in Tools Mode ... 3-1 Using WinGLink in Database Mode... 3-2 Databases ... 3-3 Creating a new database, opening and saving a database... 3-3 Properties of the database ... 3-4 A guide to using WinGLink Table of Contents • 1-1, Fixing wrong settings in the coordinate systems ... 3-4 Database sharing ... 3-5 Working with projects... 3-6 What is a WinGLink project? ... 3-6 Adding projects to a database ... 3-6 Deleting projects from a database... 3-6 Editing the project summary... 3-7 Previewing the contents of a project... 3-7 Setting a project as the source for the topography... 3-7 Combining projects... 3-8 Importing station data... 3-10 Importing data from external files ... 3-10 Importing data from a WinGLink database ... 3-17 Importing stations referenced to a different coordinate system... 3-17 Importing stations into a project that already has stations... 3-18 Importing 3D MT meshes ... 3-19 4: MAPS... 4-1 Maps overview... 4-1 Parameter values used to generate a map ... 4-1 Creating maps by merging data from different projects ... 4-1 Items displayed in a map... 4-2 Loading, creating and saving maps... 4-3 Creating a new map ... 4-3 Creating a new map from numeric well data ... 4-4 Loading a map... 4-5 Extracting parameter values from station datasets or models... 4-5 Gridding a map ... 4-6 Importing external grids... 4-6 Regridding a map using different parameters... 4-6 Adding and editing stations ... 4-7 Importing stations from a text file ... 4-7 Importing new values for existing stations ... 4-8 Using the datasheet to add, delete or edit stations ... 4-8 Adding, deleting and editing stations using the interactive graphic editor... 4-9 Extracting station values from grids ... 4-10 Inserting new stations along a profile trace ... 4-10 Profile traces and value profiles ... 4-11 Adding a profile trace ... 4-11 Editing the nodes of a profile trace ... 4-11 Viewing profile values and displaying its frequency spectrum... 4-12 Constructing sections along profile traces ... 4-12 Adding stations to a profile trace ... 4-13 1-2 • Table of Contents A guide to using WinGLink, Mapping MT parameters ... 4-13 Maps of resistivity and phase curves ... 4-13 Polar diagrams ... 4-14 Induction arrows ... 4-14 Displaying 3D MT meshes... 4-14 Overview... 4-14 Gravity and magnetic maps ... 4-16 Gravity and magnetic station anomalies ... 4-16 Gravity and magnetic field transformation ... 4-17 Terrain Correction maps ... 4-20 Creating a terrain correction map ... 4-21 Calculating the inner terrain correction ... 4-22 Calculating the outer terrain correction ... 4-24 Total terrain correction ... 4-25 Importing and exporting terrain correction data ... 4-26 5: COMMON FUNCTIONS ... 5-1 What is in this chapter... 5-1 Working with WinGLink windows ... 5-1 Utilities for WinGLink windows ... 5-1 Zooming... 5-2 Moving the zoom window ... 5-2 Editing and formatting stations... 5-2 Setting the display options for the stations of a project ... 5-2 Applying the same display options to the stations of all projects in a map ... 5-3 Formatting the appearance of the station names, symbols and posted values for each project5-4 Setting the number of decimals to be displayed when posting station values ... 5-5 Managing color fill... 5-5 Showing color fill ... 5-5 Color scale ... 5-5 Defining the number of ranges ... 5-6 Adding or deleting a range... 5-7 Editing range bounds ... 5-7 Selecting and calibrating color palettes ... 5-7 Editing color palettes ... 5-8 Managing templates ... 5-9 Contour lines ... 5-10 Showing contour lines... 5-10 Setting contour lines ... 5-10 Major contour lines ... 5-10 Minor contour lines... 5-10 Formatting contour lines ... 5-11 Setting decimals in contour annotation... 5-11 A guide to using WinGLink Table of Contents • 1-3, Printing ... 5-11 Overview... 5-11 Setting the printer... 5-12 Setting up the page... 5-12 Modifying the print layout ... 5-12 Moving and resizing items on the print layout ... 5-12 Hiding or showing print items ... 5-13 Editing the textual print items... 5-13 Changing the scale ... 5-14 Splitting the printout on several pages... 5-15 Saving a layout... 5-15 Loading a layout ... 5-15 Printing to file ... 5-15 6: SOUNDINGS ... 6-1 The Soundings Program... 6-1 Sounding data that are saved in the database... 6-2 Importing sounding datasets from a text file ... 6-3 Running operations in batch mode ... 6-3 Opening, saving and printing sounding data ... 6-3 To open soundings from the station list... 6-3 To open soundings on the station map... 6-4 Viewing parameter curves ... 6-4 Setting diagram ranges and scale... 6-5 Printing curves and 1D models ... 6-5 Exporting TEM-format files (TEM data only) ... 6-5 Editing sounding data... 6-6 Editing sounding data by spreadsheet (MT, DC)... 6-6 Edited curve ... 6-6 Interactive sounding editing form... 6-7 Reloading original curves ... 6-8 1D inversion... 6-8 1D inversion: overview... 6-8 The 1D inversion window... 6-9 Selecting the curve to be used for inversion ... 6-10 Calculating smooth models... 6-10 Guessing layered model from smooth model ... 6-11 Running a layered model inversion ... 6-11 Graphic editor for 1D layered models ... 6-11 Special section: MT soundings... 6-12 Analyzing MT data ... 6-12 Editing MT soundings... 6-14 Importing/Exporting EDI files... 6-19 7: WELL COURSES ... 7-1 1-4 • Table of Contents A guide to using WinGLink, Well Courses overview ... 7-1 Using Well Courses ... 7-1 8: SECTIONS... 8-1 How WinGLink handles sections ... 8-1 Adding a new section to the database ... 8-1 Showing the sections location map... 8-2 Project data used to build a section... 8-2 Enabling/disabling the use of a station ... 8-3 Viewing well courses and well layer data in sections... 8-3 Overview... 8-3 Using the Category Editor to assign fill patterns to layer data ... 8-4 Pseudo-Sections ... 8-7 The Pseudo-Sections program ... 8-7 Creating a new pseudo-section ... 8-7 Gridding the profile data... 8-7 Exporting gridded data... 8-8 Masking/unmasking station data points... 8-9 Displaying station dataset values ... 8-9 MT: Changing sounding TE/TM in a pseudo-section ... 8-9 MT: Static shifting a sounding in a pseudo-section... 8-10 MT: Editing sounding data in a pseudo-section ... 8-10 X Sections... 8-11 An overview... 8-11 Creating a new X section ... 8-12 Gridding the station datasets... 8-13 Displaying features and parameter values ... 8-14 Working with vertically distributed data in X-Sections ... 8-15 9: MT 2D INVERSION... 9-1 Program overview... 9-1 Preparing the input for the MT 2D Inversion program... 9-1 Computing synthetic forward modeling results... 9-2 Creating and loading models ... 9-2 Elements of a model... 9-2 Creating and loading models ... 9-3 Editing the Mesh ... 9-4 Default mesh generation ... 9-4 Displaying station 1D models... 9-4 Extracting a mesh from an existing resistivity section ... 9-5 Filling a mesh with values extracted from a 3D MT mesh... 9-5 Adding rows or columns to a mesh... 9-6 A guide to using WinGLink Table of Contents • 1-5, Deleting rows or columns from a mesh ... 9-6 Sizing rows or columns... 9-7 Changing cell resistivities ... 9-7 Locking/unlocking cell resistivity... 9-8 Editing a sharp boundary model ... 9-9 Editing sharp boundary interfaces ... 9-9 Setting interface resistivity nodes ... 9-10 Inversion settings ... 9-10 Main inversion parameters... 9-10 Setting the data for which the inversion is to be performed ... 9-11 Smooth inversion parameters... 9-11 Error floor ... 9-13 Static shift ... 9-14 Data errors... 9-15 Fixed parameters... 9-15 Sharp boundary inversion parameters... 9-15 Running the inversion ... 9-16 Running a smooth inversion ... 9-16 Running a sharp boundary inversion ... 9-16 Presentation of results ... 9-17 Displaying the models as sections ... 9-17 Displaying response curves... 9-17 Displaying pseudo-sections ... 9-18 Displaying multiple models for comparison... 9-19 Displaying model development ... 9-19 Displaying inversion reports ... 9-20 Taking notes... 9-20 Batch inversion... 9-20 Executing batch inversions ... 9-20 Exporting and importing models and interfaces ... 9-21 Exporting models and interfaces... 9-21 Importing models and interfaces... 9-22 10: 3D MODELING... 10-1 Overview ... 10-1 How WinGLink handles 3D models... 10-1 About 3D meshes... 10-2 The 3D mesh definition ... 10-2 3D meshes in WinGLink ... 10-2 Using the 3D Modeling program ... 10-3 Selecting a mesh ... 10-3 Importing meshes... 10-3 1-6 • Table of Contents A guide to using WinGLink, Exporting meshes... 10-5 The Mesh Navigator ... 10-5 About views ... 10-7 Editing meshes ... 10-10 Editing meshes: Differences between 2D Inversion and 3D Modeling programs... 10-13 Mesh properties... 10-13 Forward model calculation ... 10-14 Overview... 10-14 Forward calculation ... 10-14 Time requirements ... 10-16 Starting the forward calculation... 10-16 Exporting EDI files ... 10-16 Exporting 3D Grids files... 10-18 Randy Mackie 3D MT mesh specification ... 10-18 11: GRAVITY AND MAGNETIC 2.75D MODELING... 11-1 Program overview... 11-1 Observed anomaly values ... 11-2 Selecting the anomaly ... 11-3 Changing the vertical shift ... 11-3 Displaying a section in the background ... 11-4 Creating and defining models ... 11-4 Creating a new model ... 11-4 Opening a model ... 11-6 Deleting a model ... 11-6 Editing models... 11-7 Editing commands and icons ... 11-7 Adding bodies to a model ... 11-7 Deleting bodies ... 11-8 Moving bodies ... 11-8 Splitting a body... 11-8 Editing bodies in a model ... 11-9 To Add vertices to a body:... 11-9 To Delete vertices from a Body ... 11-9 To move the vertices of a body:... 11-9 To clip two or more vertices: ... 11-10 Setting the properties of a body ... 11-10 Moving Body labels... 11-11 Formatting body labels ... 11-11 12: INTERPRETED VIEWS AND MONTAGE... 12-1 An overview ... 12-1 Document types ... 12-1 A guide to using WinGLink Table of Contents • 1-7, Plate mode... 12-2 Getting started with IVM... 12-3 Understanding how IVM works ... 12-5 The document window... 12-5 Layer Navigator: ... 12-6 Mouse Locator ... 12-8 Zoom... 12-8 Vertical exaggeration ... 12-9 Toolbars ... 12-9 Legends ... 12-11 Creating and working with layers ... 12-12 Grids... 12-13 Stations... 12-17 Profiles ... 12-21 Cultural data... 12-21 Interpretation areas... 12-34 Tools: Pattern and Category editors... 12-36 The IVM Plates module: preparing documents for printing... 12-39 Getting started with the Plates module ... 12-40 Printing plates ... 12-46 13: TOOLS: MAGNETOTELLURICS... 13-1 Time Series: display and utilities... 13-1 Starting the program ... 13-1 Selecting the number of points to plot ... 13-2 Changing the channels to plot... 13-2 Adding or removing frames ... 13-2 Changing the scale of each plot ... 13-2 Modifying the parameters for each channel... 13-2 Displaying raw or stacked spectra ... 13-2 Applying an adaptive filter to the selected time series ... 13-3 Correcting time series headers for time shift errors... 13-3 Printing the time series... 13-3 Cascade Decimation... 13-3 Running the program ... 13-3 Robust processing schemes... 13-6 Cross Power Editor... 13-6 Starting the Cross-Powers Editor... 13-6 Loading a cross-power file... 13-7 Masking/unmasking components... 13-7 Saving the edited results ... 13-7 Saving the edit settings ... 13-8 EDI Utilities ... 13-8 1-8 • Table of Contents A guide to using WinGLink, Converting Stratagem data files to EDI format ... 13-8 Splitting multi-site/EDI files... 13-9 Combining EDI files ... 13-9 Data Analysis... 13-10 Overview... 13-10 Data Analysis commands... 13-10 Fixing MT spectra packing ... 13-11 14: TOOLS: GRAVITY ... 14-1 The Gravity Reduction program... 14-1 Creating a survey database... 14-1 Entering observed gravity values for base stations... 14-2 Defining a set of available meters... 14-2 Creating and opening loops ... 14-3 Computing observed gravity values... 14-3 Plotting Tide Corrections ... 14-3 15: APPENDIX A: TGF FILES ... 15-1 The TFG format... 15-1 Organizing station data in TGF-format files... 15-1 Valid tags ... 15-2 Importing TGF files into WinGLink... 15-6 Sample files... 15-6 16: INDEX ...I A guide to using WinGLink Table of Contents • 1-9, 1: IntroductionWinGLink: an overview
This section gives a quick overview of the main processing steps you will go through when using the WinGLink program. At the same time, the basic concepts and elements of the application will be introduced. A WinGLink database contains the data for all surveys carried out in the area of interest. Information on the Central Meridian, the projection used for the station coordinates, and the linear units used for distances and depths is stored in the Database Properties. The database area can be as Central Meridian wide as desired Area of exploration WinGLink projects consist of surveys carried out in the database area. Stations are added to projects by entering the given station's name, coordinates and elevation. This may be performed either manually or by importing station data from external files. Parameter values, datasets and 1D models are attached to each station for the construction of maps and sections. Proj 1: gravity Proj 2: towns Proj 3: MT Maps are produced by gridding station values A guide to using WinGLink Introduction • 1-1, Parameter values can be automatically extracted from the station datasets or models Profile traces are defined as open polygonal lines added to the area. Stations are added to the traces to construct sections. Profile traces are used to construct sections. The same trace can be used for all types of surveys. Proj 1: gravity Proj 2: towns Proj 3: MT Sections are plotted using station datasets (pseudosections), 1D models or 2D models (cross sections). 1-2 • Introduction A guide to using WinGLink,Data formats accepted by WinGLink
WinGLink is designed to read and store data acquired by different geophysical surveys carried out in an area of interest, as well as other ancillary information. WinGLink supports the following data formats:Magnetotellurics (MT, AMT, CSAMT)
Time series: EMI MT-1, EMI MT-24, Phoenix V5, Phoenix V5-2000, Metronix ADU-06 Spectra: EDI, Phoenix V5 (*.MT/*.AMT), WinGLink (*.bxp) Impedances: EDI, ASCII (Text tables), Phoenix V5 (*.MT/*.AMT), Stratagem or Imagem (Z*.* files) MT parameters: EDI, ASCII (Text tables)Time domain electromagnetics (TDEM)
App. resistivity Interpex databases (*.TMX,*.TEX); Zonge, Geonics, and and voltage: Sirotem system dump files; Amira- amd free-format files..Schlumberger soundings (DC)
Apparent Text files (data in columns) with apparent resistivity vs resistivity: AB/2, Interpex databases (*.RSX, *.REX)Gravity and magnetics
Field data: Text files (data in columns) with apparent resistivity vs AB/2, Interpex databases (*.RSX, *.REX)Wells
Well courses: Text files (data in columns) with well name, coordinates, depths from well head Well data Text files containing stratigraphy and log data A guide to using WinGLink Introduction • 1-3, 2: Installing and UninstallingWinGLink Minimum hardware and software requirements
To install and use WinGLink, your system must satisfy the following requirements: Item Minimum requirement Machine type IBM PC or compatible CPU type Pentium processor RAM 32 MB Color board SVGA with at least 256 KB memory Fixed disk space 30 MB for installation, and an average of 10 MB for each database Non-fixed disk drive CD-ROM drive Operating system Microsoft Windows 95/98/2000/XP or Windows NT 4.0 operating system. Note: The above hardware does not represent the best configuration for running WinGLink. Adding more RAM or using a higher speed processor will substantially improve WinGLink performance. A guide to using WinGLink Installing and Uninstalling WinGLink • 2-1,Contents of the shipping package
To make sure that your package is complete, check its contents against the list below: Item Description Installation CD-ROM The WinGLink application and its setup program. WinGLink dongle Each license of WinGLink comes with a hardware (one for each license) copy protection dongle. The dongle is needed to run WinGLink with full performance. User’s guide This manual with instructions on how to use WinGLink programs and its applications.What’s on the CD
The CD ROM provided with each license containsDirectory Contents
Winglink\Setup Installation files and setup program for WinGLink Winglink\Sentinel Installation program for the WinGLink dongle driver Winglink\Manual\Pdfdocs This manual in Acrobat format Winglink\Manual\Acroread Acrobat Reader installation program :Installing the WinGLink package
This section contains instructions for installing WinGLink on a stand- alone computer system. This is the default installation mode for WinGLink programs. Should your machine be connected to a networked environment, we suggest that you copy all of the installation disks onto a directory of the network server. The same installation procedure can then be followed from each connected peripheral station, specifying the server directory as the source of installation programs. Start your Windows operating system, then: 1. Close any application still running. 2. Click the button on the taskbar, point to Settings, and then select Control Panel. 3. Double-click the Add/Remove Programs icon 4. In order, select Install, Next, Browse. 2-2 • Installing and Uninstalling WinGLink A guide to using WinGLink, 5. Select the CD-ROM directory WinGLink\Setup, where the installation programs are stored. 6. Click Finish. 7. Follow the instructions on the screen. Should any messages appear during this process, click OK.Uninstalling WinGLink
To remove WinGLink from your computer. 1. Click the button on the task bar, point to Settings, and then select Control Panel. 2. Double-click the Add/Remove Programs icon. 3. Select WinGLink from the listed programs. 4. Click Remove. Note: The uninstall program will remove only those files placed on your hard disk by the installation program. It will not remove the data files you have created using WinGLink. These are stored as permanent files on your computer and can only be removed manually.Cleaning up after an old version of WinGLink
As of WinGLink version 1.61.01, the WinGLink setup routine automatically removes earlier versions prior to installing a new release. If, for some reason, you must install a WinGLink release preceding 1.61.01, you must uninstall WinGLink to remove earlier versions before installing. You can check the directory Program Files\WinGLink to make sure that all files have been deleted from this directory. If not, delete all files manually and then install the new release of the program. Note: Should you encounter problems following a new installation, contact us at email is hiddenInstalling the WinGLink dongle
Each WinGLink license comes with a hardware copy-protection dongle which must be plugged into the parallel (printer) port of your PC, between the PC and the printer cable. Note: Licenses purchased as of mid-December 2002 may be supplied with a USB dongle. When installing the USB dongle, proceed following the same instructions provided for the parallel port dongle, connecting the dongle to the USB port instead of the parallel port. The USB dongle is NOT supported for the Window NT operating system. If you intend to run WinGLink under Windows NT and you have been provided with a USB dongle, please contact Geosystem for a replacement parallel port dongle. A guide to using WinGLink Installing and Uninstalling WinGLink • 2-3, The USB dongle is supported for the Windows 95, 98, ME, 2000 and XP operating systems. To install the dongle: 1. Turn off your computer. 2. If a printer or another device is connected to the parallel/USB port, turn it off and disconnect it from the computer port. 3. Plug the dongle into the paralle/USB port. If installing a parallel port dongle, secure it with the screws provided. 4. Reconnect the printer cable to the PC by plugging it into the free end of the dongle. 5. If installing a parallel port dongle, turn on the printer, otherwise the dongle may not be detected. 6. Turn on your computer to reboot the system.Installing the dongle driver
Open the \Winglink\Sentinel folder on the installation CD ROM and double-click the fileInstallation troubleshooting Common warning messages
Warning messages may pop-up during the installation depending on the system settings of your PC. Here are the most common messages and the correct actions to undertake: 2-4 • Installing and Uninstalling WinGLink A guide to using WinGLink,Message Action
"Setup cannot continue Click ‘OK’ to proceed with the because some system files are installation of WinGLink. This also out of date on your system. means that the system will have to Click OK if you would like to be rebooted. A new message will be update these files for you now. displayed: You will need to restart Windows before you can run setup again. Click Cancel to exit setup without updating system files” "Do you want to restart Click ‘YES’; the setup process will Windows now ? If you choose be terminated and the system will be ‘No’, you will not be able to run automatically rebooted. You will setup again until after the need to restart the setup procedure system is rebooted at a later time" "A file being copied is older Click ‘YES’ to proceed than the file currently on your system. It is recommended that you keep your existing file"Optimizing the graphic system settings
These operations are needed to optimize your system for the use of WinGLink. 1. Click the button, point to Settings, and then click Control Panel. 2. Double-click the Display icon; select the Settings tab. 3. In Color Palette, select High Color (16-bit) or higher. 4. In Font Size, select Small fonts.The user’s guide
This user’s guide is also provided in a PDF (Portable Documents Format) file which can be viewed and printed using Acrobat Reader version 3.0 or later. This is supplied with the installation CD-ROM.Where to find the manual
The Acrobat PDF file with the WinGLink user’s guide can be found in the \Winglink\Manual\Pdfdocs directory on the installation CD-ROM. Using Acrobat Reader, you can load the file from this directory or you can copy it to a directory on a hard disk and load it from there for faster access. A guide to using WinGLink Installing and Uninstalling WinGLink • 2-5,How to read and print the manual
Use Acrobat Reader 3.0 or higher to open the manual.pdf file. Refer to Acrobat’s online help to learn how to view and print the manual.Acrobat Reader installation
To install Acrobat Reader 3.0 on your Windows 95/98 or NT4.0/2000/XP computer: 1. Move to the \Winglink\Manual\Acroread directory on the WinGLink installation CD-ROM. 2. Double-click the Setup.exe program and follow the instructions. 2-6 • Installing and Uninstalling WinGLink A guide to using WinGLink, 3: Getting StartedStarting the program
We assume that WinGLink has been successfully installed on your PC and the dongle is plugged into the parallel or USB port of your PC, depending on the type of dongle supplied with your license: 1. Click the button on the Windows Task Bar. 2. Select Programs, and then click WinGLink. 3. The following dialog box is displayed: Select the options listed in the Database Frame if you would like to use WinGLink in Database Mode, or click "Enter Tools Mode" to run WinGLink in Tools Mode.Using WinGLink in Tools Mode
The field data collected during a survey often require preliminary treatment in order to produce processed data that are worth importing into a database. This is the case, for instance, of meter readings for gravity surveys or time series for MT soundings, and similar raw data. WinGLink is equipped with a set of programs (Tools) that deals with data reduction and preparation. These tools produce output files that can be A guide to using WinGLink Getting Started • 3-1, imported into a WinGLink database for further processing and interpretation. These include programs forMT tools Function
MT field processing Time series display Cascade decimation processing Cross-power editing Data analysis EDI files Conversion to EDI format of conversion/manipulation Stratagem/Imagem z*.* files Splitting multi-site EDI files Combining EDI files :GR tools Function
Gravity reduction Data reduction for Scintrex and Lacoste-Romberg g-meters Tide corrections Plots of tide corrections and output of values at user-assigned time intervalsEM tools Function
TemMerge Import, edit and merge raw data from field dump files (Geonics, Zonge, Sirotem). To use WinGLink in Tools Mode: 1. Check the "Enter Tools Mode" option in the starting dialog box or 2. When in Database Mode, in the Main window menu, click Tools. Detailed instructions on the use of the Tools programs can be found in the specific Tools chapters of this manual.Using WinGLink in Database Mode
To run WinGLink in Database Mode, check one of the options in the Database frame of the initial dialog box. As soon as a database is loaded, the main Database window is shown. This is divided into three panels: Database Properties panel (left): 3-2 • Getting Started A guide to using WinGLink, This provides information on the database coordinate system. This applies to all the stations of the projects contained in the database. Project panel (center) Projects available in the database are listed here. The first column lists the conventional name given by the user to the project, the other columns provide online information for each project. Program panel (right) Contains icons of the application programs available for the selected project. The Database window, as it appears for an MT project, is shown below: To select a project, click its name with the left mouse button. The project name will be selected (see the COMB-MT project in the example above) and the project will become the active project. This means that any application program launched in the right-hand panel will load the data of that project only. In addition, only the program icons for the programs which are compatible with the respective project type are displayed in the right-hand panel.Databases
Each database contains all data and information relative to the area of interest, including settings for the metric and geographic coordinate systems, and the preferred linear units for distances and depths.Creating a new database, opening and saving a
database Databases are created, edited and saved using commands available in the main Database window. Specifically: A guide to using WinGLink Getting Started • 3-3,Command to use for
File\New Database Creating a new database in a user- selected disk directory. The properties of the new database are entered at this stage File\Open Database Opening an existing database File\Close Closing the open database with its original name and directory location File\Save As Closing the open database and saving it with a different name or directory location File\Database Properties Editing the properties of the active databaseProperties of the database
The information stored in the database properties can be changed anytime using the command File | Database Properties and entering the new settings. The Database Properties include:Property Details
General - the name of the area - the hemisphere where the area is located - the linear units used to display maps and sections Coordinate - the geographic coordinate system used for the project stations systems - the metric coordinate system used for the project stations Note: The coordinate systems in a database are the same for all of the projects in the database. Changing the settings for a system will automatically update the coordinates for all of the projects in the databaseFixing wrong settings in the coordinate systems
The geographic and metric coordinates for each station of a database are linked to each other based on the respective coordinate system settings. Each time a metric (or geographic) coordinate is changed, WinGLink appropriately updates the corresponding geographic (or metric) coordinates, and vice versa. If the settings for one or both coordinate systems are not entered correctly, either the metric or the geographic coordinates will not be displayed with their correct values. For certain projections, e.g. Transverse Mercator, it is particularly important that the Central Meridian be set close to the actual station locations. 3-4 • Getting Started A guide to using WinGLink, To correct errors in the database made in the Coordinate Settings, enter the new, correct settings (Central Meridian, Projection, etc.). When saving the new settings, WinGLink will offers you the option to use the new settings to recalculate the metric (or geographic) coordinates of all the stations of the database starting from the geographic (or metric) coordinates of each station.Database sharing
As of WinGLink version 1.61.04, a WinGLink database may be opened and used concurrently by more than one user. To prevent inadvertent data loss, however, restrictions on how the database may be shared between users are dynamically enforced, depending on which WinGLink applications are active. These restrictions vary from simple warnings to limiting use of the database to a single user. The most restrictive state imposed by WinGLink is the “Locked” state. This state is enabled in the event that changes to the database will affect all projects or could change the structure of any of the projects in certain ways. This state is set only in the main WinGLink shell in the following cases: • when a user is editing the database area properties • when a user is importing external data into the database In these cases the database is locked and may not be used by any other user. It follows that database area properties may be changed and external data imported only when no other users are using any WinGLink application. During database sharing, any operation which would result in a loss of data integrity is not permitted. For example, it is not possible to delete stations or profiles in the Maps program while another user is using the MT2D program, provided the two users are using the same WinGLink project. In general, a given application will try to lock the active project and all associated members, i.e. stations and profiles. While in the locked state, that project and all members associated with it cannot be used by any other WinGLink application. Should another user attempt to open a locked project, or a project which makes use of member marked as locked, a warning message appears and the WinGLink application is aborted. For example, while one user is using the Maps program to edit the stations used on a profile in an MT project, the MT Soundings program cannot be used to view any of the stations contained in that project. The WinGLink applications used for 2D modeling (magnetotelluric (MT & CS), gravity (GR) and magnetics (MG)) are slightly less restrictive. When a 2D modeling application is opened, the stations used by a model are marked as being “in use”. While in this state, they can be viewed and used in other WinGLink applications. For example, while one user is running a MT 2D inversion, another user may create a 1D model for one of the stations used in the 2D model. If an application may be used by a second user, but with restrictions, a warning message appears indicating what functions are disabled. A guide to using WinGLink Getting Started • 3-5, Note: Every attempt has been made to prevent loss of data integrity and loss of data. WinGLink generally prevents any operation which would damage the database or result in lost data. Database sharing is, however, not without risk. Certain operations which would not result in data loss, yet may still result in lost work, are possible. For example, it is possible to modify a profile in the Maps program while a user is using the MT 2D program. When sharing a database, make certain that any actions you take do not inadvertently affect the work of other users.Working with projects What is a WinGLink project?
A WinGLink project is a collection of stations where a particular survey has been carried out. The type of data acquired at the stations is the data type of the project. Examples of projects: • a magnetotelluric survey • a gravity survey • a collection of wells • a group of towns.Adding projects to a database
Projects are added to the database in the main Database window using the menu command: Project | New In the sub-menu: 1. Choose Single… if you want to add a project with new data to the database. 2. Choose Integrated… if you want to add a project which uses data from other projects already contained in the database. 3. Enter the data as requested in the Project Properties dialog box. 4. When finished, click OK.Deleting projects from a database
To delete a project from a database: 1. Go to the main Database window. 2. In the Project panel of the window, click the name of the project to be deleted. 3. Click either the Delete command from the Project menu or press the Del key on your keyboard. Warning: deleting a project is a permanent action and cannot be undone. 3-6 • Getting Started A guide to using WinGLink,Editing the project summary
In the main Database window, select Project | Properties, select the Summary tab and edit the fields as appropriate.Field Meaning
Date Year and month the survey was carried out. For magnetic projects, this date is used to calculate IGRF values Project name This is the code name of the project as it will be displayed in the Projects list of the Database window Data type From this dropdown list, select the type of data for your project (example: gravity, MT, generic, etc.). The data type cannot be changed if the project has one or more stations. Station legend The legend you wish to automatically associate with the stations of the project when printing maps and sections. This legend can always be edited at a later time. Location Area where the survey was carried out Company Client name Contractor Contractor namePreviewing the contents of a project
A project contains stations which are identified by their name, coordinates, elevations and values. To check the station coordinates, elevations and values from the Database window: 1. On the Projects menu, click QuickView or click the “Preview Data” button in the main Database window. 2. Select the values you wish to display. Note: This command shows the station data and values in read-only mode. To edit the stations, you must start the MAPS program.Setting a project as the source for the
topography The topography of a project is obtained by interpolating the elevation of its stations. When a project has only a few stations, this topography may be severely inaccurate. To avoid this problem, any project in the database can be set as the source of topography for all other projects. When a project is set as default topography, the topographic profiles for the sections of all other projects in the database will be extracted from the gridded elevations of this project. This way all sections along the same profile will have the same topography, regardless of the project to which they belong. A guide to using WinGLink Getting Started • 3-7, It is a general practice to use an Integrated project which includes a gravity project as source for the area topography. To set a project as the source for topography: 1. Go to the main WinGLink Database window. 2. On the Project menu, click Default Topography | Set. 3. Click the name of the project you wish to use as the source for topography. 4. Click OK. 5. A suffix [T] will appear next to the project type in the Type column.Combining projects
The projects of a database can be combined in order to produce maps and sections using the stations of more than one project. There are two ways to combine projects:Attaching projects to the current project.
The resulting maps and sections are computed using only the data of the stations of the active project. The stations of the attached projects are posted on maps and sections, but their datasets are not used in the processing.Merging projects into an integrated project.
The resulting maps and sections are computed using all the equivalent data of the stations of the combined projects (member projects). The stations of the member projects are posted on maps and sections, and their datasets are used in the processing. For a quick display of attached and member projects, select a project in the Project column of the Database Project list. In our example we have selected the project “Integrated (MT)”. The arrow on the right-hand side points to the attached and member projects: Single projects can only have attached projects. Integrated projects can have both attached and member projectsAttaching a project to another project
Attached projects are single projects whose stations are “attached” to the current project for simultaneous display on maps or sections. To attach a project to another project: 1. Go to the WinGLink Database window. 3-8 • Getting Started A guide to using WinGLink, 2. In the Project list panel, click the name of the project to which attachments are to be added. 3. On the Project menu, click Properties. The Project Properties dialog box opens; click the Attachments tab: The left-hand box lists the projects which have already been attached; the right-hand box lists the projects available for attachment. 4. Use the arrow buttons to move projects in/out the attachments list. 5. When finished, click OK. Note: When attaching projects to integrated projects, member projects will not be listed among the projects available for attachment.Combining projects into an integrated project
An integrated project is a project that has no stations of its own, but instead uses the stations of other single projects (members) to produce integrated maps and sections. On the Project menu of the main Database window: 1. Select New, then click Integrated. A guide to using WinGLink Getting Started • 3-9, 2. Click the Members tab to display the following dialog box: 3. The left-hand box lists the current members of the project; the right-hand box lists the other available projects. 4. Use the arrows to add/remove projects from the member list. 5. When finished, click OK.Importing station data
WinGLink can import survey data (station names, coordinates, values and/or datasets) from a variety of source files. The imported stations and associated datasets are organized and stored in a database project. This can be either a new project created with the purpose of containing the imported data, or an existing project that already has stations. In the latter case, the imported data will be added or merged with the existing information. On the File menu in the main Database window, click Importing station data, then select the type of source from which you wish to import your data. This method of importing data is used to import groups of stations with their locations and/or datasets into a project of the current database. It offers the most flexible and complete choice of options for importing data. These programs can import predefined format files and have available built-in spreadsheets to import or edit station data. Refer to the MAPS and SOUNDINGS chapters of this manual for more details on this procedures.Importing data from external files
On the File menu of the Database window, click Importing station data, then select External files. 3-10 • Getting Started A guide to using WinGLink, First, the project into which the data are to be imported must be selected. When selecting the destination project, ensure that the project data type matches the data to be imported. In the Files of Type box, click the button and select the format of the file(s) to be imported. The list will include only formats that are compatible with the data type of the destination project.Text files
WinGLink can import station data (i.e. coordinates and values, sounding datasets, or well courses) from text files with data organized in columns: 1. In theTGF files
The TGF format is an expandable data format specified by Geosystem for the purpose exchanging geophysical data across applications. It is used, among other applications, to import vertically distributed data into WinGLink. A given TGF file may contain station data for one or more stations, e.g. name and coordinates, as well as data values for one or more values, e.g. temperature and density. Details on the TGF specification can be found in Appendix A, The TGF file format. TGF data are imported into WinGLink using the Importing station data command located in the main Database window. To import TGF files into WinGLink: 1. On the File menu of the Database window, select Importing station data, then specify External Files. 2. Next, select the project into which the data are to be imported. For vertical data, the project must be of type Vertically Distributed Data. 3. In theMulti-site EDI files (MT, AMT)
WinGLink does not support the direct import of multi-site EDI files: each multi-site EDI file must be split into many single-site EDI files, and then imported into WinGLink. To do this, proceed as follows: 1. On the File menu, select Tools or directly enter Tools Mode when launching WinGLink. 2. In the MT tab section of the Tools window, click EDI Utilities. 3. Refer to the MT (Magnetotellurics) Tools| EDI Utilities chapter of this manual for further instructions. Refer to the MT (Magnetotellurics) Tools|EDI Utilities section of the WinGLink help system for further instructions.Single-site EDI files
WinGLink can import multiple EDI files at the same time, one for each sounding. 1. Select an MT project as the destination project. 2. In theImport option When to use
No Recalculation To import the plot parameters saved in the EDI file without recalculating them from existing impedances or spectra If plot parameters are missing, the program will calculate them from existing impedances. If impedances also are missing, plot parameters and impedances will be calculated from existing spectra.. Recalculate from To compute plot parameters from existing existing impedances, without recalculating impedances from Impedances spectra. Recalculate from To recalculate plot parameters and impedances from existing Spectra spectra. Note 1 - Spectra are not saved in the database: For each site, only plot parameters and impedances are imported and saved in the database. Spectra are read and used to recalculate impedances, but they are not saved in the database. Note 2 –Site coordinates: The geographic coordinates of each site are read in from the REFLAT, REFLON fields of the EDI file, converted into metric coordinates according to the area settings of the database, and then corrected for the offset of the corresponding E dipoles. To correct for missing or incorrect site coordinates, launch the MAPS program and edit the site coordinates using the Stations | View Data… command. 3-14 • Getting Started A guide to using WinGLink,Stratagem/Imagem data files
WinGLink can import MT/AMT data from: 1. Single-site EDI-format files 2. Text files with impedance values 3. Text files with resistivity and phase values The best way to import Stratagem/Imagem data files of type z#####.### is to proceed as follows: 1. On the File menu, select Tools or directly enter Tools Mode when launching WinGLink. 2. In the MT tab section of the Tools window, click EDI Utilities. 3. Refer to the MT (Magnetotellurics) Tools| EDI Utilities chapter of this manual for further instructions. Refer to the MT (Magnetotellurics) Tools|EDI Utilities section of the WinGLink help system for further instructions.Interpex (Resix, Temix, EmixMT) datasets
1. Refer to Importing data from external files for preliminary instructions. 2. Select the project in which you would like to store the imported data. 3. In theGeolink 6.0 projects
Refer to Importing data from external files for preliminary instructions. 1. Select the project in which you would like to store the imported data. 2. In theTemMerge data files
Raw time-domain electromagnetic (TEM) data can be imported into WinGLink in a two-step process. The first step involves converting the system dump files from the respective acquisition systems (Sirotem, A guide to using WinGLink Getting Started • 3-15, Protem, Zonge as well as Amira- and free-format data), into a standardized format which can be imported into WinGLink. The conversion is performed using the TemMerge program, which can be accessed in the EM area of the Tools section of WinGLink. For instructions on how to use TemMerge, please refer to the TemMerge chapter of this manual. For instructions on how to use TemMerge, please refer to the TemMerge section of the WinGLink help system. Once the TEM data have been converted to TemMerge-format data, they can be imported into WinGLink using the import wizard: 1. Refer to Importing data from external files for preliminary instructions. 2. Select an EM (Electromagnetics) project as the destination project. 3. In theImporting data from a WinGLink database
It is possible to import a project from another WinGLink database: the imported project will be appended to the projects of the destination database. 1. Create or open the database in which your data are to be stored. 2. On the File menu, select Importing station data. 3. In the Importing station data dialog box, choose: A project of another WinGLink database. 4. Browse the directories until the desired database is displayed. 5. Select the database file (*.wdb). 6. Click Next. The list of the projects found in the selected database is displayed. 7. Select the project(s) to be imported (SHIFT and CTRL keys can be used for multiple selection). 8. Continue; enter any information requested by the import wizard.Importing MT 2D forward modeling results
The stations of an MT profile for which 2D modeling results have been calculated and saved in the database can be imported into a new or an existing MT project. The computed 2D modeling results (i.e. computed TE and TM resistivity and phase) are imported as observed data for the stations of the profile. In this way, an inversion can be run using synthetic 2D MT model results as observed data. 1. On the Database File menu, click Importing station data. 2. In the Select source dialog box, click: “A 2D MT model of the current database”. 3. Select the destination project. This can be either a new or an existing MT project. 4. The program will show a list of the available profiles for which 2D modeling results have been saved in the database. 5. Select the desired 2D model. 6. Follow the instructions displayed by the import wizard.Importing stations referenced to a different
coordinate system To import stations with longitude and latitude referenced to a different coordinate system: 1. Create a temporary database calledImporting stations into a project that already has
stations When importing stations into a project that already has stations, it is important to monitor the import in order to avoid overwriting existing data, unless expressly requested. This is handled by WinGLink through an Update Options dialog box: During the import, WinGLink identifies stations by name. When the destination project already has stations, and some of the stations to be imported have the same name of the existing project stations, the 3-18 • Getting Started A guide to using WinGLink, program assumes that the stations are coincident, and will ask for confirmation prior to overwriting the data during the import. Note: The program will overwrite the existing data if and only if the update option “Replace duplicates with imported items” is checked. When this option is not checked, the existing data of any station with the same name of an imported station are not overwritten, and new data are not imported. At the end of the import process, a window will show information indicating the number of stations in the imported file which were merged, skipped or appended.Importing 3D MT meshes
As of WinGLink version 1.62.01 it is possible to import 3D MT meshes in the Randy Mackie format, which is defined at the end of this section. These meshes are MT-specific and can only be imported into MT projects. They cannot, however, be imported into integrated projects. Once imported into a database, a 3D mesh remains associated with its project. The 3D Mesh Importer, which can be accessed both in the main WinGLink shell as well as in the 3D Modeling program, can be used to import 3D meshes from external files, the active database and other WinGLink databases. Profiles placed on 3D MT meshes in the Maps program can be used to extract mesh sections. WinGLink generates these sections by interpolating between mesh elements. These sections can be viewed in the X-Sections program and can be used as mesh backgrounds in the 2D Inversion program.To import a 3D MT mesh into WinGLink:
1. On the Database File menu, select the Import… command. 2. In the Import window which opens, select the 3D Model Mesh option. 3. Select either an existing MT project or opt to import the 3D Mesh into a new project. 4. The first of five 3D MT Mesh Import Wizard windows opens. Specify the data source: from file, the current database, or an external database. If you choose to import from either the current database or a different WinGLink database, additional dialog windows open prompting you to select the database name, if you selected external database, and to select the mesh to be imported. 5. In step two, select the source file. The file must be in the Randy Mackie format specified at the end of this section A guide to using WinGLink Getting Started • 3-19, 6. In step three of the import process, specify the units in the data source: 7. In step four, specify the mesh attributes, including mesh name, location of the rear top left corner as well as the angle to which the mesh is to be rotated: 8. In the final step, WinGLink performs the import operation. Import progress and any encountered errors are displayed on screen. For details on working with 3D MT meshes, refer to the following sections in the WinGLink manual: Chapter Maps, “Displaying 3D MT meshes” Chapter Sections, “X-Sections” Chapter “3D Modeling” 3-20 • Getting Started A guide to using WinGLink, Note: In addition to the method described above, 3D meshes can also be imported into projects from within the 3D Modeling program. For details, please refer to the “3D Modeling” chapter of this manual.Randy Mackie 3D MT mesh specification
The mesh format is that specified by Randy Mackie plus an additional data block, located at the end of the file, which contains georeferencing information. NX, NY, NZ (#’s of blocks) [Nair (layers)], [MAP. VAL[UES]] X block sizes (NX values in meters) Y block sizes (NY values in meters) Z block sizes (NZ values in meters) 1 (layer #) NX*NY codes or values in free format: x varies fastest - - NZ (layer #) NX*NY codes or values in free format: x varies fastest 0. resistivity(for code 1) resistivity(for code 2) ... resistivity(for largest code) [resistivity for sea water] end (optional termination text) - -WINGLINK
ABC (site name) I J (block numbers) 0000.000 0000.000 (real world coordinates) 0 (rotation) A sample 3D MT mesh can be downloaded from the Geosystem web page at the following address: http://www.geosystem.net/downloads/meshExample.out A guide to using WinGLink Getting Started • 3-21, 4: MapsMaps overview
The Maps program is mainly used to create and display contoured and color-filled maps of the different values associated with the stations of a project. Each time Maps is launched, the stations of the project that is highlighted in the Database window are loaded. For multiple projects, the stations of all member projects are loaded. When running Maps, the user can open many maps at the same time, one for each type of value, or create new maps by importing, computing or extracting new values–and saving the resulting maps. The user is presented with a list of all maps which have been saved during previous sessions when Maps is launched.Parameter values used to generate a map
Each map contained in a WinGLink database is defined by the name of the displayed parameter. The values used to build each map are: 1. The values of the parameter at each station of the project These values can be posted on the map adjacent to the stations’ names and location symbols. 2. The interpolated values of the same parameter These are represented as contour lines and color fill. Interpolated values are added to the maps by one of the following operations: • Interpolating the parameter values at each station • Importing an external grid • Transforming an existing gridCreating maps by merging data from different
projects Each time a new map is created in a project, the definition of the parameter values used to generate the map is saved in the database and made available to all other projects. The same map can then be created using the data contained in any other project, if available. A guide to using WinGLink Maps • 4-1, Let us assume, for example, that we have a database which contains two different MT projects: Prj_1 and Prj_2 We create the map of “Apparent resistivity at T=100 sec” by extracting it from the station datasets of Prj_1. The same map definition (“Apparent resistivity at T=100 sec” ) can be used to extract equivalent values from the stations contained in Prj_2. If an integrated project Prj_(1+2) is created grouping the two projects, the map “Apparent resistivity at T=100 sec” is automatically available using the values extracted for Prj_1 and Prj_2. Note: The same map “Apparent resistivity at T=100 sec” can be produced with different grids depending on which project stations are used to generate the grid: If Maps is launched from a single project, the grid for each map is generated using the data of the single project only. This grid is saved and associated to the single project. If Maps is launched from an integrated project, the grid for each map is generated using the data of all of the stations contained in the member projects. This grid is saved together with the integrated project.Items displayed in a map
Maps are displayed by combining the display of different items, which the user can interactively modify by editing the respective data and properties. The items represented in a WinGLink map are: 4-2 • Maps A guide to using WinGLink,Item Meaning
Stations The stations contained in the current project and those of any attached project. Each project can be assigned a different symbol to identify its stations. Stations are plotted with their names and values. Color For each map, the value distribution is organized in Ranges ranges of different colors. Default color palettes are available. The user may also create new or modify existing palettes. Contour Annotated contour lines are drawn based on the Lines defined value ranges. The user can define the contour interval and the line thickness. Profiles Polygonal lines can be added to the area to serve as a Traces base for profile and section construction. Profiles are elements of a map which are shared by any other maps contained in the database. 3D MT 3D MT meshes, in the Randy Mackie format, which Meshes have been imported into a WinGLink database, can be superimposed onto MT project maps.Loading, creating and saving maps Creating a new map
To create a new map: On the File menu, click New Map, and select the desired option for entering map values: • Enter Values from Keyboard/File • Combine Maps…Entering values from the keyboard
1. Click File | New Map | Enter Values from Keyboard/File 2. On the Stations menu, click View Data… or click in the toolbar. 3. The data sheet form for the new value type appears. Listed in the first five columns (from left to right) are the station names, states, latitudes, longitudes and elevations. The sixth column is empty as it will contain the values to be input. 4. Enter the station values in the data sheet. You may leave some values blank. A guide to using WinGLink Maps • 4-3, 5. On the File menu, click Exit. Confirm changes by clicking Yes. 6. Enter the Name, Unit and # of decimals for the new value type. Click OK. When selecting this option, a new map definition is created with a default name Value0. The map properties can be accessed and modified at a later time by selecting Map Properties from the File menu.Adding or subtracting map values
New maps can also be created by combining (adding or subtracting) the values of two existing maps. 1. On the File menu choose New Map and click Combine Maps. 2. Select the source map and click Next. 3. Select the operator (Add Map or Subtract Map) and click Next. 4. Select the second map and click Next. 5. Enter the name for the computed map and click Finish.Creating a new map from numeric well data
As with other value types, it is possible to create maps at specific depths using numeric values imported for well stations. (For details on importing well courses and well layer data, please refer to section “Importing Station Data of Chapter 3 of the WinGLink manual.).To create a new map from numeric well data:
1. On the File menu, choose New Map. Follow the arrow to the right to open a secondary menu. Position the mouse over the Extract Parameter Values command. Follow the arrow to the right to open another menu and select the at Constant Depth… command. 2. All of the numeric data imported to the active wells project should be listed in the Extract drop-down list. Select an item and enter a depth. 3. The program will display the number of stations extracted and number skipped during extraction. 4. If data were extracted for at least two stations, you will be able to grid the map (specify how you would like the map gridded in the Gridding Window which opens following extraction). 4-4 • Maps A guide to using WinGLink,Loading a map To open a map:
1. On the File menu, click Open Map. 2. Select the map by clicking the check box located to the left of each map name. 3. Click Open. Each map will be opened in a separate window.Extracting parameter values from station
datasets or modelsExtracting parameter values
1. On the File menu, click New Map, then choose Extract Parameter Values. 2. Select the extraction key: at constant parameter*…, at constant Depth…, or at fixed Elevation... 3. Select the parameter value to be extracted from the drop-down list. 4. Enter the value of the parameter*, depth or elevation upon which the extraction is to be based. 5. Click OK; a window for the new map will be opened. 6. On the Gridding menu, click New Grid…; set the gridding parameters to display the map contours. * Note: depending on the type of project selected, the first parameter will vary accordingly: DC: at constant AB/2… MT: at constant Period… EM: at constant Time… CS: at constant Frequency… WL: at constant depth or fixed elevation. This option is not available for the remaining project types. When extracting parameter values from well maps (WL), note that the position of the point at the specified depth or elevation may not necessarily be coincident with the station coordinates. The position is instead that at the specified depth along the well trace. This location is indicated by a dot on the new map.Updating extracted values after editing stations
If editing is performed on stations after parameter values have been extracted, the corresponding map can be updated with the new values using the File | Update Map command. A guide to using WinGLink Maps • 4-5,Gridding a map
To display map contours and color fill ranges, the station values must be interpolated on a regular grid. This operation creates a two-dimensional array of values, also referred to as the map grid. To interpolate the parameter values: 1. Open the map which contains the values to be interpreted. 2. On the Gridding menu, click New Grid… 3. The numbers in parenthesis show the coordinates of the stations having maximum and minimum Northing and Easting. The new grid boundaries can be entered in the fields located above each of these numbers. 4. Choose the preferred Gridding Option (Normal / Logarithmic); 5. Complete the fields with the values for the Interpolation Radius, Spline Weight and Smoothing Factor. 6. Click Compute. When the stations data are changed as the result of subsequent editing, a new map grid must be created in order to show an updated map. To regrid the map using the previous grid settings: 1. Select the window containing the value you would like to regrid. 2. On the Gridding menu, click Regrid.Importing external grids
External grids can be imported into WinGLink and added to the current project. To import an external grid into the current project: 1. Load the map into which you wish to import the grid, or 2. Create a new map which will correspond to the imported grid. 3. On the File menu, click Import Grid. 4. Select the appropriate format for the grid which is to be imported from the “Files of type” list. 5. Click OK. 6. AnswerRegridding a map using different parameters
This option lets you create a new grid by resampling the current map grid: 1. Select the window containing the map you would like to regrid. 4-6 • Maps A guide to using WinGLink, 2. On the Grid Tools menu, click Resampling. 3. Enter the new grid step and the grid endpoints 4. Click Compute. A window for the new map is opened with the new grid. If you would like to save this map, use the File | Save command. To extract station values for this new map, see Extracting values from grids.Adding and editing stations Importing stations from a text file
Station coordinates, elevations and values can be imported from external text files (columnar data). The import station data function is only enabled for single projects. When the current project is an integrated project, the import function is disabled. To import stations from a text file: 1. Load the map into which you would like to import the value or 2. Select File | New Map | Enter Values from Keyboard/File to create a new map using the imported data. 3. On the Stations menu, click View Data or click in the toolbar. 4. The Maps datasheet form appears. Listed in the first five columns (from left to right) are the station names, states, latitudes, longitudes and elevations. If you selected a map other than elevations, two additional columns appear on the right side: a column for the value and a column for the value status. 5. Click File | Import on the datasheet menu. 6. Browse the directories to select the file to be imported and click Open. 7. The WinGLink Text File Import Wizard starts. Refer to the instructions provided in section “Importing data from text files” for more details. 8. When finished, use the File | Exit command in the datasheet menu to exit the datasheet. Click Yes to confirm the import. 9. If the data have been imported into a new map, the Map Properties form will open. Assign the map a name, a measurement unit (used only in legends) and the number of decimals to be saved for each imported value. Click OK. The file containing the data which are to be imported must be a text file organized in columns where one of the columns contains station names and the other three columns contain the station longitude, latitude and elevation. Another optional column may contain a value to be imported. A guide to using WinGLink Maps • 4-7, Warning: The WinGLink import function identifies stations by name. This may cause the program to overwrite existing data if the import options are not set correctly.Importing new values for existing stations
The import stations function can also be used to import new values for existing project stations or to update them by importing revised data from a text file. Note: This procedure is only enabled for single projects. To import new values for existing stations: Make sure that the file to be imported has at least two columns: • one column containing the values to be imported • one column containing the corresponding station name Load the map into which the file containing the new or updated data are to be imported. Refer to “Importing stations from a text file” in this Chapter for detailed instructions. When selecting the fields in the file to be imported, skip any field that should not be imported or updated. At the end of the import process, a window opens which contains information regarding the number of stations contained in the imported file which were merged, skippedor appended.. A station is merged if a station with the same name is found in the destination project. In this case the existing station takes the value imported from the file as well as the values, if any, of other fields not tagged with the Skip keyword. A station is skipped if no station with the same name is found in the destination project and no field of the imported file is assigned to be latitude or longitude for the station. A station is appended if no station with the same name is found in the destination project: the station is added to the current project and is assigned the values of any field not tagged with the Skip keyword.Using the datasheet to add, delete or edit
stations Maps has a built-in datasheet which can be used to add, delete and edit the station information used when building a map. To oen the datasheet, on the Stations menu, select View Data, or click the button on the toolbar.Adding stations
1. Click the left-most cell of the first empty row: 4-8 • Maps A guide to using WinGLink, 2. Enter the fields described in the column headers. If unedited, the Active and Value Status fields are automatically filled with the YES and ON values respectively.Deleting stations
1. In the datasheet, highlight the rows of the stations which are to be deleted (use the Shift and Ctrl keys for multiple selection.) 2. Press the Delete Key, and confirm the deletion command by clicking OK.Editing stations
1. Click the cell which contains the field to be edited. 2. Edit the data.Applying operators to station values
1. Click the icon to open the datasheet. 2. Select Operators from the menu in the datasheet window, then choose the desired operator and enter the requested parameters. 3. Warning: When saving the map, choose the Save As command if you do not want to overwrite the original data.Adding, deleting and editing stations using the
interactive graphic editor Station editing can be performed using an interactive graphic feature of the Maps program:Adding stations
1. On the Stations menu, click Insert station. 2. Move the mouse pointer to the location on the map at which you would like to place the station then click. 3. Fill the Insert Station window with the appropriate field values. 4. Continue adding all desired stations. 5. Right-click the mouse or press the Esc key to stop adding stations.Deleting stations
1. On the Stations menu, click Delete station. 2. Move the mouse pointer over the station you wish to delete and click. 3. In the window which then opens, place a check mark to the left of the stations to delete the station, then click Delete. 4. Right-click the mouse or press the Esc key to stop deleting stations. A guide to using WinGLink Maps • 4-9,Editing stations
1. On the Stations menu, click Edit station. 2. Move the mouse pointer over the station you wish to delete and click. 3. Edit the value field and select the value status (ON/OFF). 4. Click OK. 5. Right-click the mouse or press the Esc key to stop editing stations.Moving stations
1. On the Stations menu, click Move station. 2. Move the mouse pointer over the station you wish to move and left-click. 3. Move the mouse pointer to the location on the map where you would like to place the station to be moved and click. 4. The Move Station window opens. In the ID field, enter the name of the new station; fill the elev field with the elevation and edit the x and y fields if necessary. If you selected a map other than elevations, you can supply the value for the new station and its ON/OFF status as well. 5. Click OK.Extracting station values from grids
This option assigns to each station the value calculated by interpolating from the grid nodes the value at each station’s location, as defined by the station coordinates. 1. Select the window which contains the map. 2. On the Stations menu, click View Data or click . 3. Click the Value column header. 4. Choose Operators | Extract Value from the Grid menu. 5. On the File menu, click Exit and confirm changes.Inserting new stations along a profile trace
This interactive routine is used to automatically insert stations located on a profile trace at regular distances: 1. Make sure the desired profile trace is on your map. If not, add a new profile trace. 2. On the Stations menu, click Insert stations along profile. 3. Move the cross-shaped mouse pointer to a location on the desired profile trace and click it to select the profile. 4. The Insert Stations dialog box opens. 5. Fill the fields as appropriate. 4-10 • Maps A guide to using WinGLink, 6. Click OK to confirm the stations insert.Profile traces and value profiles
A profile trace is a polygonal line added to the area to which the database refers. A profile trace added to a map becomes available to all projects in the database and can be used for: • Extracting an interpolated value profile from the grid of a map (example: interpolated Bouguer anomaly profile). • Constructing a value profile by adding stations to the trace, and plotting the station values vs. the distance along the profile (example: Bouguer anomaly profile using station values). • Constructing sections along the profile by adding stations to the trace and using the station datasets to build different types of sections (example pseudosections, imaged sections, etc.). The use of the same profile trace for all type of sections is the base for the integrated display of interpretive sections. A 2D gravity model can be easily superimposed on a resistivity cross section because they are referenced to the same profile trace.Adding a profile trace
1. Select Profiles | Add profile trace. 2. Move the mouse pointer to the location at which you would like to insert the first node of the trace. 3. Click the left mouse button, release it and move the cursor to the next node. 4. To draw more nodes, repeat the above step; click the right mouse button to add the last profile node. 5. Enter a name for the profile trace. 6. If you would like to add another profile trace, press the Next button and repeat steps 2-5. 7. Click the Close button.Editing the nodes of a profile trace
1. Select Profiles | Edit profile trace. 2. Click the profile trace you would like to edit. 3. Edit the name and/or the longitude and latitude values of the nodes which define the trace. 4. Click the OK button. A guide to using WinGLink Maps • 4-11,Viewing profile values and displaying its
frequency spectrum 1. Select Profiles | goto Profile Mode or click . This enables you to select the profile trace. 2. Choose Profiles | Select Profile. 3. Click the profile for which you would like to view the graph. 4. Select View | Profile Graph. This window displays one of two different graphs, depending on the icon chosen. XY Graph The observed values of the stations added to the profile are plotted as red dots. The interpolated values extracted from the map grid along the profile trace are displayed as a continuous gray line. The y-axis of the graph represents the values along the profile, while the x-axis represents the distances along the profile trace. Spectra Spectra calculated along the profile are plotted vs. frequency.Constructing sections along profile traces
The following steps are needed to construct sections: 1. Adding a profile trace to the database Area When a profile trace is added to a map, the trace is saved in the database and can be used in any other map of any project contained in the database. Profile traces are elements of the area to which the database refers. 2. Adding stations to a profile trace These stations provide, in the case of vertical soundings or wells, the datasets needed to build the section. In the case of gravity and magnetic projects, the observed anomaly values are extracted along the profile trace from the gridded map, and the stations associated to the profile provide the information on the measured values . Each time Maps is launched on a single project, the stations contained in the project can be added to a profile trace to construct the project sections. When Maps is launched on an integrated project, the stations of each member project can be added to a profile trace, if not yet associated. Note: A station added to a profile trace in an integrated project is also added in its original project. 4-12 • Maps A guide to using WinGLink, Stations from many different projects can be added to a given profile trace. As a result, integrated sections can be obtained by using, for example, equivalent datasets from MT, EM and DC projects (i.e. imaged sections, 1D models, cross sections).Adding stations to a profile trace
This section explains how to associate existing stations to profile traces in order to construct value profiles or sections. For help on how to insert new stations at a regular spacing along a profile trace, see “Inserting new stations along a profile trace” in this chapter. The basic commands used to construct a section along a profile trace are activated by pressing: To switch to Profile Mode 1. Click on the profile trace from which you would like to add or remove stations; the profile trace turns red to indicate that is selected. 2. If the selected profile trace consists of more than one segment, the unselected segments are displayed in light green. To add one station at a time 1. Press the arrow icon and click the symbol of each station to be added to the profile. 2. Added station will turn red. To add all stations located within a given distance from the profile: 1. Press the arrow icon, then left-click the profile trace and hold down the mouse button. 2. Resize the band by moving the mouse pointer away from the profile trace 3. Release the mouse button when band has reached the desired size. 4. Selected stations will turn red To select another profile (or profile segment) 1. To move to another profile, press the icon on the left, then click the new profile trace. For multisegment profiles, each segment is edited separately and should be edited as a separate profile To return to Station Mode (or select Profiles | goto Station Mode)Mapping MT parameters Maps of resistivity and phase curves
On the File menu, select New Map | Miniature Curves. A guide to using WinGLink Maps • 4-13, The resistivity and phase curves for each sounding of the project are calculated and plotted in a box centered on the station locations to give a global view of the curves in the survey area.Polar diagrams
1. On the File menu, select New Map, then Polar Diagrams. 2. Enter the central frequency for which the polar diagrams should be calculated, as well as the other parameters requested in the dialog window. 3. Click OK to display the polar diagrams for that frequency. 4. Continue from point 1 to display maps of polar diagrams for other frequencies. 5. On the View menu, select Display Option to edit the size of the polar diagram on both monitor and printer.Induction arrows
1. On the File menu, select New Map, then Induction Arrows. 2. Enter the central frequency for which the induction arrows should be calculated, as well as the other parameters requested in the dialog window. 3. Click OK to display the induction arrows for that frequency. 4. Continue from point 1 to display maps of induction arrows for other frequencies. 5. On the View menu, select Display Option to edit the size of the real and imaginary arrows on both monitor and printer. 6. On the View menu, check Legend to display the unit-length reference segments.Displaying 3D MT meshes Overview
3D MT meshes which have been imported into WinGLink can be superimposed onto MT projets maps. Profiles projected onto a 3D MT mesh can be used in the X-Sections program to extract sections from the mesh.To display a 3D MT mesh:
1. Open the MT project into which the mesh was imported 2. On the Maps toolbar, click the 3D Model selection button: 4-14 • Maps A guide to using WinGLink, 3. The 3D Model selection window opens, listing all available models. Select the desired model with the mouse and click OK: 4. Depending on the current view area settings and the geographic coordinates for the 3D MT mesh, the mesh may or may not be displayed on the map after selecting the mesh. You can force the mesh to be displayed by altering the view settings. To do this, open the View Area window with the Window | Set View Area… command: The two mesh-specific options in the Auto Range area of the window, Grid Area and 3D Mesh will force the mesh to be displayed on screen. The Grid Area option attempts to fit the entire grid area onto the map, whereas the 3D mesh option zooms in on the map far enough to display the entire mesh on the map. By selecting all of the options in the Auto Range area of the window, you can ensure that all map elements are visible on the map. 5. The 3D MT mesh can be toggled on and off by selecting the Hide Model / Show Model commands, which can be accessed by clicking the 3D Model selection button: A guide to using WinGLink Maps • 4-15, For details on importing 3D MT meshes, refer to section “Importing 3D MT meshes” in Chapter 3 of the WinGLink manual.Gravity and magnetic maps Gravity and magnetic station anomalies Computing the Bouguer anomaly
The Maps program can calculate the simplified (no terrain correction) or complete Bouguer anomaly for the stations of a gravity project, assuming that the observed gravity and terrain correction values have been entered for each station. For details on how to calculate the terrain correction, please refer to the section “Terrain Correction maps” at the end of this chapter. For stations with missing observed gravity values, the Bouguer anomaly computation will return an empty value. Observed gravity values can be imported from text files using the WinGLink text files import wizard, as detailed in paragraph: Importing stations from a text file or Error! Reference source not found. in this chapter.Computing IGRF (magnetic projects)
This command calculates the international geomagnetic reference field (IGRF) at each magnetic project station. 1. With the Maps program launched from a magnetic project, select File | Compute IGRF. 2. A window appears informing you which reference field will be used to calculate IGRF. To continue, click OK. A new map named IGRF is created. Note: The IGRF is computed using the project date entered in the project properties when the project was created. To correct this date, exit Maps and modify the project date using the menu command Project | Properties or pressing the Project Properties button in the main Database window:Removing IGRF (magnetic projects) Removing IGRF
With this option you can subtract the IGRF from the magnetic field map. 1. Load the magnetic field map. 2. Select View | Stations Data or click . 3. Click the Value column header. 4. From the datasheet menu, select Operators | Remove IGRF. 5. Select File | Exit and confirm the changes. 4-16 • Maps A guide to using WinGLink, 6. Save the new map with an appropriate name.Gravity and magnetic field transformation Filtering (low-, high- or band-pass filters)
Use this option to low/high/band-pass filter 2D data grids. Note that, following conventional terminology, the terms “low” and “high” pass refer to spatial frequency, i.e. 1/wavelength. To eliminate short-wavelength noise, therefore, a low pass filter is used, and vice- versa. LOW PASS the minimum wavelength to be passed is requested. HIGH PASS the maximum wavelength to be passed is requested. BAND PASS wavelengths in the entered range are passed. To minimize the effects of ringing (i.e. leakage of unwanted frequencies into the desired output), a Parzen filter (see Press and others, 1989, pp.423-428) has been incorporated in the filtering program. The anti- ringing factor is the narrowness of this filter: a value of 0 minimizes its width in the frequency domain, while a value of 10 is so broad that the effects of filtering are minimal. To filter a grid: 1. Select Grid Tools | Filtering. 2. Enter the filtering parameters and click OK. 3. If you wish to have station values extracted from the new grid, select Yes when prompted. The filtered grid will be assigned to a new map.Polynomial fitting
This option lets you obtain the regional and residual field of a selected map. The regional field is approximated with an nth order polynomial surface. The residual field is the difference between the polynomial surface and the selected map’s grid. Both the regional and the residual fields are obtained as maps. To obtain the regional and residual field of a map: 1. Select Grid Tools | Polynomial fitting. 2. Enter the name for the map that is to contain the regional field. 3. Enter the name for the map that will contain the residual field 4. Enter the degree of the polynomial surface and click OK. 5. If you wish to have station values extracted from the new grid, select Yes when prompted.Derivatives
This option can be used to calculate the 1st horizontal and vertical, and the 2nd vertical derivatives. This transformation makes use of the fact that A guide to using WinGLink Maps • 4-17, nearby disturbing sources have a greater effect on gradient maps than on anomaly maps. The 1st horizontal derivative is calculated directly in the space domain (see Blakeley and Simpson, 1986). The remaining two are calculated by conventional Fourier transformation. As usual, the use of derivatives is limited by their tendency to emphasize noise. To calculate the derivative of a grid: 1. Select Grid Tools | Derivatives and the type of derivative you wish to apply. 2. Select the map containing the input grid (the current map is the default). 3. Enter the name for the new map that will contain the output grid. 4. Click OK. 5. If you wish to have station values extracted from the new grid, select Yes when prompted.Up/Down continuation
This option allows one to compute anomalies as they would be observed on a surface parallel to but below the observation surface (DOWNWARD) or above the observation surface (UPWARD). The user must enter the level of continuation in kilometers. DOWNWARD CONTINUATION emphasizes the effect of local shallow anomalies. This may lead to very noisy maps if the level of continuation is too large (a maximum continuation level of 2*grid step is recommended). UPWARD CONTINUATION will produce smoothing of the anomalies. To carry out an upward/downward continuation: 1. Select Grid Tools | Up/Down Continuation… 2. Select the map containing the input grid (the current map is the default). 3. Enter the name for the new map that will contain the output grid. 4. Enter the continuation parameters and click OK.Computing pseudo-gravity anomalies
This operator applies only to magnetic project data. It functions by reducing the magnetic field to the pole (assuming that remanence effects are negligible) and filtering with the appropriate frequency-domain operator. The output requires scaling by a factor equal to |ma| / Gρ where: ma apparent magnetization (susceptibility x field strength) ρ the corresponding assumed density contrastG is the gravitational constant and does not need to be
4-18 • Maps A guide to using WinGLink, entered You will also have to enter the values for the inclination and declination of geomagnetic field at the survey location. This is a useful method for viewing complex magnetic data as it tends to eliminate much of the “clutter” caused by dipolar fields. To compute the pseudo-gravity anomaly: 1. Select Grid Tools | Pseudo Gravity… 2. Select the map containing the input grid. 3. Enter the name of the output grid (or accept the default name). 4. Fill the remaining fields and press OK. 5. A new map is created. If you wish to have station values extracted from the new grid, select Yes when prompted.Computing pseudo-magnetic anomalies
This operator applies only to gravity project data, and is used to compute the pseudo-magnetic anomaly from the gravity anomaly. The output requires scaling by a factor equal toGρ / |ma|
where ma apparent magnetization (susceptibility x field strength) ρ the corresponding assumed density contrast G is the gravitational constant and does not need to be entered You will also have to enter the values for the inclination and declination of geomagnetic field at the survey location, assuming that the desired result is to be comparable with observed magnetic data. When the field is calculated at the magnetic pole, it is (except for the scaling factor) equivalent to the first vertical derivative of the gravity field. For example, suppose that the intensity of the geomagnetic field is 47000nT; assume that the source magnetic susceptibility is 1000mcgs and we wish to replace this with rock of “density” contrast 1.0gm.cm-3. The magnetization to be entered is then 47000 x 1000 x 10-6 = 47 nT To compute the pseudo-magnetic anomaly from a gravity anomaly: 1. Select Grid Tools | Pseudo Magnetics… 2. Select the map containing the input grid (which should be the gravity anomaly). 3. Enter the name of the output grid (or accept the default name). 4. Fill the remaining fields and press OK. 5. A new map is created. If you wish to have station values extracted from the new grid, select Yes when prompted.Reduction to the pole
This function converts magnetic data which have been recorded in the inclined earth’s magnetic field to data which would have been produced by a vertical geomagnetic field (see Baranov, 1957; Gunn, 1975, p.306). A guide to using WinGLink Maps • 4-19, The primary use of this function is to simplify magnetic maps obtained in areas with low magnetic latitudes. Symmetric anomalies then result from simple vertical bodies, with the maximum located above the source. The assumption is made that all magnetic anomalies in the survey area are caused by magnetization in the direction of the current geomagnetic field. The following parameters must be entered: - Inclination of geomagnetic field - Declination of geomagnetic field To perform a reduction: 1. Select Grid Tools | Reduction to the Pole… 2. Select the map containing the grid to be reduced. 3. Enter the name of the output grid (or accept the default name). 4. Enter the inclination and declination of the geomagnetic field. 5. If you would like to have the mean value of the input grid be removed from the output grid, check Remove Mean Value. 6. A new map is created. If you wish to have station values extracted from the new grid, select Yes when prompted.Vertical to total field transformation
If data obtained with a vertical-field fluxgate magnetometer need to be compared with more modern total-field measurements, they can be transformed using this module. The theoretical background for this is given by Gunn (1975, pp 306-307). The user is required to enter the following parameters: - Inclination of geomagnetic field - Declination of geomagnetic field To transform the vertical field to total field: 1. Select Grid Tools | Vertical to Total field… 2. Select the map containing the vertical field data;. 3. Enter the name of the output grid, which will contain the total field data (or accept the default name). 4. Enter the inclination and declination of the geomagnetic field. 5. If you would like to have the mean value of the input grid be removed from the output grid, check Remove Mean Value. 6. A new map is created. If you wish to have station values extracted from the new grid, select Yes when prompted.Terrain Correction maps
The WinGLink Maps program provides functionality for calculating terrain corrections to take into account local and distant topographic features. These corrections can then be used in the calculation of complete Bouguer anomalies for stations contained in WinGLink gravity projects. 4-20 • Maps A guide to using WinGLink, The approach used involves combining the inner terrain correction (ITC) and outer terrain correction (OTC) to calculate the total terrain correction. The ITC, which corrects for local topographic features, is performed using the Hammer methods. The OTC, which corrects for more distant topographic features, is performed using one or more external grids containing digital elevation models (DEM) for the area of interest. Terrain correction data can also be imported from external text files directly into the Maps program for both new as well as existing stations. As with other map types, calculated terrain correction values can be exported to external text files. These external files contain station ID, coordinates, elevation and data value, in this case terrain correction. External files can then used to import station and terrain correction data into other projects, providing a convenient tool for combining project data. Note: This document assumes familiarity with WinGLink, in particular, with the Maps program. For further details on the Maps program, please refer to Chapter 4 of the WinGLink manual. The total terrain correction is the sum of the outer and inner terrain corrections. The order in which the individual correction values are calculated is irrelevant. The following discussion describes first how to create a terrain correction map, followed by how to calculate the inner, and then the outer terrain correction.Creating a terrain correction map
Among the default map types available for Gravity projects within the WinGLink Map program is the Terrain Correction map. The values contained in this map are used in the calculation of the complete Bouguer anomaly map.To create a terrain correction map:
1. Open WinGLink, and in the main database window, select a project of type Gravity [GR]; in the right-hand panel, click the Maps application icon. 2. The Open Map dialog box opens. Select the Terrain Correction map: A guide to using WinGLink Maps • 4-21, 3. After clicking Open, the Maps program prompts you to select the type of gridding to be used for the map. If opening the map for the first time, opt to continue without gridding, as two or more stations with values are required in order to calculate a grid.Calculating the inner terrain correction
The calculation of the inner terrain correction calculation is based on the Hammer method (Geophysics, v. 4, pp. 184-194, 1939.). This method involves creating a set of concentric rings, or zones as they are referred to here, each of which is divided into a specified number of equal-sized segments. The average elevation for each of these segments is entered relative to the elevation specified for a given station. In this way, the topography immediately surrounding each station can be defined and the inner terrain correction calculated.To calculate the inner terrain correction for a station:
1. Continuing with the terrain correction map created above, open the Data Sheet window by either clicking the Stations | View Data… command from the menu or by clicking the button on the toolbar. 2. The data sheet window for terrain correction maps contains, in addition to geographic coordinates, columns for ITC, OTC and Value. The value column in this case represents the total terrain correction and, unless the value has been edited manually updated during a file import, is equal to the sum of ITC and OTC. To set the ITC value for a station, position the mouse over the cell in the ITC column for the station in question and click. Now click the arrow which appears at the right edge of the cell: 3. Clicking the arrow opens the Inner Terrain Correction window in which the set of zones is defined and relative elevation values are entered.: 4-22 • Maps A guide to using WinGLink, The Inner Terrain Correction window, shown above, is divided into three areas. The set of zones is defined in the ITC Structure frame, located in the upper-left corner of the window. This frame contains a spreadsheet with four columns. The first column, Z, designates the zone name, Min and Max specify the respective minimum and maximum radii of the circles which define each zone, and Div. specifies the number of segments into which the zone is to be divided. Zones can be added and removed using the buttons provided at bottom of the ITC Structure frame. The program allows the creation of up to 5 zones, each of which may be divided into up to 12 sections. In addition, the program forces zone continuity, i.e. the Max and Min values of two adjacent zones must be identical. The current zone configuration is shown in the display panel to the right of the ITC Structure frame. Changes made to the number of zones and the zone definitions are reflected immediately in this display panel. The elevation values for each of the segments are entered in the Zones frame of the Inner Terrain Correction window. The upper area of this frame contains a frame with option buttons for meters, degrees, and %. When using the meters option (default), the values are entered as elevation values relative to the actual station elevation, i.e. if the average elevation of Section 2 of Zone C is determined to be 1000 m and the actual station elevation is 900m, a value of 100 m would be entered for this section. Depending on how the average elevation values are determined A guide to using WinGLink Maps • 4-23, for the individual sections, it may be more convenient to use the degrees or % options. When using degrees, specify the number of degrees relative to the horizontal plane projected from the station location to a representative point in the given zone. When using the percent option, specify elevation difference between the station location and the zone section as a percentage. As the observation may not necessarily be made at the station elevation, specify in the Observation Height field the height above the station elevation from which the measurement of the zone elevation was made, i.e. if a transit of height 1.7 m was used to make the measurements, enter 1.7 in this field. After specifying how the zone values are to be entered, enter the relative elevation values for each segment in the spreadsheet-like table. 4. Click OK after entering values for all of the sections. The values can be edited at a later time by reopening the Inner Terrain Correction window for the station. The inner terrain correction value is calculated immediately after closing the Inner Terrain Correction window: The inner terrain correction value for each station is to be calculated using the procedure outlined above. ITC values cannot be manually entered in the ITC column of the Data Sheet window.Calculating the outer terrain correction
Unlike the inner terrain correction, which must be performed separately for each station, the outer terrain correction makes use of one or more digital elevation models to calculate the effect which non-local topographic features have on each station contained in the map.To calculate the outer terrain correction:
1. Continuing with the terrain correction map used above in the description of the inner terrain correction, open the OTC Grid Selection window by clicking the File | OTC Grid Settings… 4-24 • Maps A guide to using WinGLink, command from the menu: 2. To add a grid, position the mouse over a line in the Grid filename column and click. Now click the arrow which appears at the right edge of the field to open the Import Grid window. Browse the directories until the desired grid has been found; click Open. All standard grids are supported: e.g. Geolink, USGS, Surfer, Geopack, Geosoft, LCT). 3. Set the parameters for each grid as necessary. The Max Dist. value specifies the correction distance from each station. Enable the Show Extent checkbox to display the area covered by he given DEM. Select the units used in the DEM in the two columns to the right. The station elevation projection dropdown list contains three options for the station elevation: None, Inv. distance linear, and Inv. distance square. Select None to use the actual station elevation in the calculation of the OTC. The Inv. distance linear and Inv. distance square options extrapolate station elevations from the given DEM using either a linear or quadratic algorithm, respectively, based on the mesh values and the geographic coordinates of the stations. To view the physical parameters which define a grid, click the grid name in the Grid Filename column to select the grid, and then click the Grid Info… button located in the bottom part of the screen. The Grid Info window opens, displaying the grid name and type, min. and max. X and Y values, X and Y step sizes and numbers of rows and columns. 4. After setting the digital elevation models, select the Compute TC command on the File menu to calculate the terrain correction. Computation progress is indicated by a progress bar in the status bar. Upon conclusion of the calculation, a log window is displayed which lists any encountered problems.Total terrain correction
The total terrain correction is the sum of the outer and inner terrain corrections. Thus, a value for the total terrain correction exists for a given station provided one of the two terrain correction values has been determined. A guide to using WinGLink Maps • 4-25, To view the values in tabular form, open the Data Sheet window by either clicking the Stations | View Data… command from the menu or by clicking the button on the toolbar: Neither the ITC nor OTC values can be edited manually. It is however, possible to change the total terrain correction value by selecting the field with the mouse and overwriting the value. Any changes are retained until the terrain correction is recalculated using the Compute TC command on the File menu, in which case the total terrain correction is again set equal to the sum of the ITC and OTC, or until terrain correction data are imported from an external file. To update the map grid, or if no grid yet exists for the terrain correction, click the Regrid command on the Gridding menu.Importing and exporting terrain correction data
As with other types of value data, it is possible to import and export terrain correction data from/into the Maps program. In this way, terrain correction data, including station coordinates, can be passed from one project to another as well as to and from other applications. Terrain correction data are imported into the Maps program in the same way as other types of value data. The data must be in text format and organized by column. The files should include station ID, geographic coordinates, elevation and the values for total terrain correction.To import terrain correction data:
1. Open a terrain correction map, then open the Data Sheet window by either clicking the Stations | View Data… command from the menu or by clicking the button on the toolbar. 2. On the File menu of the Data Sheet window, click the Import command. 3. In the File Import dialog box which opens, browse the directories until you have found the file to be imported; select and click the Open button. 4. The File Import wizard opens. This Wizard guides you through the import process, step by step, prompting you for details regarding the file structure and the assignment of the column headings and units. For further details on how to use this Wizard, please refer to section “Importing station data” in Chapter 3 of the WinGLink manual. For further details on how 4-26 • Maps A guide to using WinGLink, to use this Wizard, please refer to the “Importing station data” topic in the “Getting Started” section of the WinGLink help system. 5. After specifying file format in the Import Wizard and clicking the Finish button, the Maps program imports the file. A status report is then displayed in an info box, indicating the number of stations merged, appended or skipped: Click OK to conclude the import process. 6. To update the map grid, or if no grid yet exists for the terrain correction, click the Regrid command on the Gridding menu. Terrain correction data can be exported from the Maps program as text files with fixed-width columns. These files can be imported into maps in other WinGLink projects with no difficulty.To export terrain correction data
1. Open a terrain correction map, then open the Data Sheet windsow by either clicking the Stations | View Data… command from the menu or by clicking the button on the toolbar. 2. On the File menu of the Data Sheet window, click the Export command to open the Export Data dialog box: 3. In the XY Coordinates area of the dialog box, select the format in which the data are to be exported. The format specified here does not have to be identical to the current format, i.e. any required conversions are performed by the Maps program during file export. Likewise, specify the order of the X and Y coordinate values in the Options area of the dialog box. After specifying a file name, click OK. A guide to using WinGLink Maps • 4-27, 5: Common FunctionsWhat is in this chapter
This chapter contains: • An introduction to WinGLink windows and the utilities available to the user to organize and use their contents. • A description of common features and functions used for editing, formatting and setting the display options for maps and sections, including colors and line contours. • A general overview of printing options for both maps and sectionsWorking with WinGLink windows Utilities for WinGLink windows
The individual application programs which comprise WinGLink function by simultaneously opening multiple windows, each one showing a different map or section. A guide to using WinGLink Common Functions • 5-1, A set of utilities is available from the Window menu to help manage the windows with different maps or sections. The Set View Area utility defines an area of the map or section to be displayed. This area may be different than the default view area, which is based on the station distribution and the grid boundaries. The Copy to Clipboard utility will copy the current map or section to the clipboard for pasting into other Windows-based applications. The Copy to Bitmap utility will copy the current map or section to an external file. After clicking the Copy to Bitmap command, you are prompted to enter a file name under which the image is to be stored. The Copy utilities are used to copy one of several properties of the current window to all other windows. You must click the target window(s) to update the display.Zooming
To Zoom In click , then: 1. Move the mouse pointer to a spot in the map near the zone into which you would like to zoom. 2. Left-click and release the mouse button. 3. Move the mouse pointer to size the zoomed area. Click to Zoom OutMoving the zoom window
The zoom window can be moved around within the map or section to view different areas with the same zoom factor. To Move the zooming window click ; then: 1. Move the mouse pointer to a spot in the map near the zone into which you would like to zoom. 2. Move the selection area. 3. Left-click in the section or map to set the new window position.Editing and formatting stations Setting the display options for the stations of a
project An ancillary window, called the Projects Window, can be opened to control the display and the editing of the stations of each project. On the View menu, select Projects Window. 5-2 • Common Functions A guide to using WinGLink, A typical Projects Window for a section looks like this: For each project: Check To apply the corresponding option to all project box: stations: N Display names S Display symbols M Display 1D model V Post vertical dataset values Note: The new settings will be applied to all windows but will become active only by clicking the mouse on each window.Applying the same display options to the
stations of all projects in a map Global commands are available to set the same display options for the stations of all projects displayed in a map. For example, to show the station names for all projects in a map: Open the Project Window using the View | Project Window command, then click the heading N : The following dialog box opens: A guide to using WinGLink Common Functions • 5-3,Formatting the appearance of the station names,
symbols and posted values for each project Stations can be displayed with different font size, color and symbol by saving the settings in the Project Station Properties.To edit the stations properties for a project:
1. On the Stations menu, select the Properties command or: 2. Open the Project Window using the View | Project Window command. 3. In the Project Window, click the symbol of the project whose stations you want to format. The symbol of the active project will be displayed with a bold red border 4. Double-click the project symbol or select Stations | Properties. 5. The Station Properties dialog box opens, similar to the following: 6. Select the appropriate tab and set fonts and symbols for the project stations as desired. 5-4 • Common Functions A guide to using WinGLink, The Station Properties window for projects of type Wells (WL) contains an additonal tab which includes options specific to well courses: The station format used in The format settings saved for the stations of a project in a map will be the Maps program can be used for every map containing the stations of that project. Different different from the station settings can be saved for displaying sections, but the settings saved for format used in the Sections one section will be used on all sections. program.Setting the number of decimals to be displayed
when posting station values Click or on the top bar to increase or decrease the number of decimals for the station values, or select File | Map Properties and enter the desired number of decimals.Managing color fill Showing color fill
Click on the tool bar - or - 1. Select View | Display Options. 2. In the Display Options window, select the Color Fill box; then click OK. Note: The color fill range definition is based on the grid of each map. Therefore, color ranges can only be plotted when the map values have been interpolated.Color scale
The range distribution is shown in a color scale which can be displayed beside each map or section by clicking the button. A guide to using WinGLink Common Functions • 5-5,Defining the number of ranges
The interpolated values of a map or a section are organized in adjacent ranges. Each range is defined by two numerical bounds (upper and lower bound) and is associated with a color. This color is applied to all values falling in the range. On the Contours menu, select Color Ranges to open the Range Editor. By default, the Range Editor creates 32 equally spaced intervals based on the difference between the maximum and minimum values. The maximum allowed number of ranges is 128. The number of ranges can be changed at any time by using the Automatic button in the Range Editor: Another dialog box opens in which the user can enter the desired number of ranges and the criteria to be used for automatically generating range bounds: When using a logarithmic scale, make certain that the number of decimals in the main form is high enough to resolve the definition of the bounds. If necessary, increase the number of decimal in the Range Editor dialog 5-6 • Common Functions A guide to using WinGLink,Adding or deleting a range
In the Range Editor, click the mouse on the color box of the range you wish to edit. The box will be highlighted: Choose Split or Delete from the Ranges frame.Editing range bounds
Range bounds can be edited by: • Changing the number of ranges • Selecting the Normalize button in the Ranges frame. This option will keep the number of ranges unchanged, but will reset all range bounds to achieve an equal distribution of the histogram. • Manually editing the range bounds. This is done by clicking the mouse on the line which separates two ranges: The bound value is shown in an edit box. Enter the new value, making sure it is compatible with the adjacent bounds.Selecting and calibrating color palettes
Color palettes can be selected in the right-hand frame of the main Range Editor: A guide to using WinGLink Common Functions • 5-7, The range of the color table can be modified by clicking the upper or lower markers: and then dragging them to a new position. The color table will be restricted to the area between the two markers.Editing color palettes
1. Use the Contour | Color Ranges command to open the Range Editor. 2. In the Color Table frame, click Edit to open the following form: 5-8 • Common Functions A guide to using WinGLink, Each color can be modified by double clicking and choosing the new color from a standard palette or by editing the RGB components using the graphic tool on the right-hand side of the color table. The colors with a border have been locked by clicking the defining box while holding down the Shift key. By clicking the Interpolate button, a new color table is generated by interpolating the colors between the locked colors. 3. To save the new color table, click Save as New, and enter a name for the new palette. Note: default palettes cannot be modified and saved with the same name.Managing templates
Templates are fixed combinations of color palettes and range bounds which can be saved in the database for use in other map or section presentations. The Template frame: is always available in the Range Editor. Its use is self-explanatory. A guide to using WinGLink Common Functions • 5-9,Contour lines Showing contour lines
Click on the tool bar or: 1. Select View | Display Options. 2. In the Display Options dialog box, select the Contour Lines check box. 3. Click OK.Setting contour lines
WinGLink has two levels of contour lines which can be formatted independently of one another when displaying a map: major contour lines and minor contour lines To set the number of major and minor contour lines: 1. From the Contours menu, select the Contour Lines… command. 2. Click the Density tab. 3. Enter the appropriate density for major and minor lines.Major contour lines
These are contour lines which are defined with respect to the color ranges set for the map. The user chooses how many color ranges should be contained between two major contour lines. This is what is displayed when 1 color range/major line is selected and this is what is displayed with 2 color ranges/major line.Minor contour lines
These are contour lines which are defined with respect to major lines. The user chooses how many minor contour lines should be contained between two major contour lines. 2 minor lines/major line (bold) 5-10 • Common Functions A guide to using WinGLink,Formatting contour lines
To change the format of major or minor contour lines: 1. Select Contours | Contour Lines… 2. Click the Major lines or Minor lines tab, as appropriate. 3. Select the Annotate check box if you would like to display the contour line value. 4. Choose the font size for the annotation. 5. Choose the contour line Width. 6. Click either OK or the Apply to All button. Note: Apply to All is available as an option only if multiple windows containing contours are displayed on the screen.Setting decimals in contour annotation
The number of decimals shown in the contour lines annotation depends on the ranges defined for the map. To change the number of decimals: 1. Select Contours | Color Ranges… 2. In the Ranges frame, enter in the decimals field the numbers of decimals you would like to display (set this number to 0 if you do not want to display any decimals). 3. Click OK.Printing Overview
To print the section or map displayed in the active window, select File | Print. This will open another window, the Layout Definition window. Here, the map or section is represented by a white rectangular box, surrounded by axis tic marks. Other boxes are shown representing the: • color scale: use the mouse to move or resize this item. • legend, info and title box: these items can be moved, resized and edited. • scale and scale bar: this item can be moved, resized and edited. To edit, enter the desired scale and choose from different scale bar formats. A red border indicates the paper size with respect to the size of the items to be printed. To change the paper size, use the Printer button, which is also used to set the printer Margins and page orientation are set using the Setup button. Each box can be sized and edited interactively until a satisfactory output layout has been obtained. The appearance of the final presentation can be checked by pressing the Preview button. A guide to using WinGLink Common Functions • 5-11, When ready, click the button to send the map or section to the printer.Setting the printer
On the Layout Definition form, click the button.Setting up the page
To set the page margins: 1. Click the Setup button. 2. Set the margins and the orientation and click OK. To set the page size: 1. Click the button. 2. From the drop-down list, choose the printer and click Properties. 3. The printer driver dialog box opens; select the paper size. 4. Exit the printer driver dialog box.Modifying the print layout
For a given map or section, a print layout consists of the position of the items to be printed (and whether or not they will be printed) as well as their positions on the printout and their sizes. These items are represented by either white rectangular boxes in the layout page or, for the smaller items, by scaled-down versions the items. These include: Map, Title, Legend, Info, Color scale, Map Scale, North Arrow (maps only) After you have defined a layout, you can save it and apply it to the same or other maps at a later time.Moving and resizing items on the print layout
Any of the print items can be moved with respect to the page margins and resized.To move and resize objects using the mouse:
1. Click the item; a white dot will appear next to each of the vertices. The mouse pointer changes to a four headed arrow. 2. To move the item, left-click the item and move the mouse while holding down the button; release the button to drop the item. 3. To resize the item, move to one of its vertices until the mouse pointer turns to a double-headed arrow; left click and hold down the button; move the mouse to resize the item and release the button when the desired size has been reached. 5-12 • Common Functions A guide to using WinGLink,To move and resize objects using the keyboard:
1. Click the item; a white dot will appear next to each of the vertices. The mouse pointer changes to a four headed arrow. 2. To move the item, hold down the CTRL key and press one of the cursor keys. 3. To resize the item, hold down the SHIFT key and press one of the cursor keys. 4. To move or resize multiple items, click the items while holding down the SHIFT key and follow steps 2 - 3.Hiding or showing print items
While in print layout mode, press and check the items you would like to print. If an item is covered by another and you want to bring it to front, press the Tab key until the item is selected and is brought to front.Editing the textual print items
Each of the Title, Legend and Info items can be subdivided into one or more frames in which text can be edited and formatted. Frame text can include fields linked to the active database, e.g. area name, equipment used, etc.To edit the contents of the Title, Legend or Info print
items: 1. Right click the item frame you would like to edit. On the shortcut menu, select Edit Frame Text… 2. Edit the frame text. Words enclosed in <> signs are fields taken from the database. Additional fields may be added by using the Add Field button. A guide to using WinGLink Common Functions • 5-13, 3. You can format the text using the buttons located in the toolbar at the top of the window. Click OK. Frames can be added and removed. Insert frame adds a frame just before the frame that was right-clicked; Add frame adds a new frame in the last position.Changing the scale
The map scale can be redefined. If the scale is changed, the size of the map on the print pages will be modified accordingly and vice versa.To change the scale by entering a new one:
1. Double-click the map scale. 2. Enter the desired ratio in the scale field. 3. Click OK. The scale also changes when the map item is resized. Example Before the map is resized After the map is resized 5-14 • Common Functions A guide to using WinGLink,Splitting the printout on several pages
A map or section may be enlarged in such a way that, when sent to the printer, it is split and printed on more than one page. Whenever you drag an item outside the boundaries of a page or resize an item so that it falls outside the page, new pages are added to the layout in order to print all the items.Saving a layout
To save a print layout: 1. Click and select Save as… 2. Enter the new layout name and click OK.Loading a layout
To load a previously saved print layout: 1. Click and select Load… .There can be more than one layout for each value type. Note that you may select a layout which is associated with a value type different from the one being printed. 2. Select the source and one of the available layouts; click OK.Printing to file
In addition to the direct output to a selected printer, the Print functionality found throughout WinGLink can be used to send printer output to a number of file formats: • Printer specific (e.g. *prn, *ps). The printer-specific format is dependent on the output types supported by the printer driver. A PostScript (ps) file can be output by printing to a PostScript printer driver, regardless of whether a PostScript printer is actually connected to the computer. • EMF • CGM • PDF To print to a files of type other than PDF: 1. Select the File | Print command from the menu as you would to print to a printer. 2. Select the Print to File checkbox in the Options section of the Printer Setting dialog box. 3. Select the desired file format from the dropdown list: A guide to using WinGLink Common Functions • 5-15, Important: When printing to EMF of CGM files, note the following: Although output is not sent to a physical printer, the paper properties of the printer selected in the Printer section of the Printer Settings dialog are used. Each output file can be considered to be a page of printer output. Because the entire output is sent to a single file, however, you must ensure that the paper size selected for the printer is large enough for the entire print area, i.e. fits within the red border which defines the first page of output in the Print Preview screen. Any information outside of the first page will be clipped in the output file. To print to PDF files: The driver used to create PDF files, the Acrobat Distiller available from Adobe, functions in the same way as a regular printer driver. PDF files can be created only if this software has been installed on your system. 1. Select the File | Print command from the menu as you would to print to a printer. 2. Select the Acrobat Distiller printer from the Printer section of the Printer Settings dialog box and set the properties as required by clicking the Properties button. 3. Do not select the Print to File checkbox in the Options section. 5-16 • Common Functions A guide to using WinGLink, 6: SoundingsThe Soundings Program
The Soundings icon is displayed in the program menu whenever a sounding project is selected. When a sounding project (MT, TEM, DC, etc.) is selected and the program launched, the stations of the selected project are loaded together with their original datasets. For each station, the program will: • Compute and display the parameter curves • Allow the editing of the sounding data • Compute a 1D smooth and layered inversion model The results of any editing on sounding data will be saved in the "edited data" section of the database. Original data will not be overwritten and can always be restored using the menu command: File | Reload Original Data. The edited data saved by the Soundings program are used by other WinGLink programs: • Edited resistivity curves are used to calculate resistivity Pseudo Sections. For MT soundings, phase and tipper are also used to calculate corresponding pseudosections. • Smooth and layered 1D models are used to calculate imaged sections and cross sections, respectively. • Curves and 1D models are also used to extract parameter maps by the Maps program. A guide to using WinGLink Soundings • 6-1,Sounding data that are saved in the database
For each station of the current project, the following datasets are saved in a WinGLink database:Original data
Apparent resistivity (and phase for MT projects) as imported from external files or entered by keyboard. Original curves can always be recovered to restart the editing process using the Soundings menu command File | Reload Originals. For MT Soundings Impedances: Impedances (if available) are saved in the database. When impedances are not saved in the database, editing functions such as decomposition or static stripping are not enabled. Power spectra: Power spectra are read during the import from EDI files and are used to compute impedances, if requested, but are not saved in the database.Edited data
Edited curves are initially constructed by assigning to each datapoint the same value of the original curves. At the end of each editing session, the edited values are saved in the database, separately from the original values. Edited curves are used by default to construct pseudosections along profiles.Smoothed curves
These are calculated from the edited curves using the appropriate smoothing routine. These curves may optionally be used instead of the edited curves to construct pseudosections along profiles.Smooth 1D model
One smooth model is saved for each sounding. This provides a preliminary guess model for the layered inversion routine and is also used to produce imaged sections along profiles. For MT soundings, both Bostick and Occam models are calculated and saved, one for each sounding. For each sounding, the user must specify whether the TE or TM curve is to be considered the 1D curve and used by the inversion program.Layered 1D model
One layered model is saved for each sounding. These models are displayed along profiles by the Cross-Sections program. The 1D curve used to calculate the layered model is the same curve used for the smooth model. 6-2 • Soundings A guide to using WinGLink,Importing sounding datasets from a text file
The station to which a dataset refers must already exist as a station of a project, with its name, coordinates and elevation values. To import datasets from text files: 1. Open the sounding for which you wish to enter data. 2. On the File menu, select the Import New data | From text file command. 3. Follow the instructions given by the Import Wizard. 4. Any previously saved sounding data will be lost when new data are importedRunning operations in batch mode
A group of batch procedures are available for performing selected operations on a set of user-selected stations. To start a batch procedure: 1. Close all open stations. 2. The Batch Tools command will appear on the main menu. 3. Select the desired operation. 4. Enter the parameters as requested. Operations available in batch mode include: • Curve smoothing • 1D inversion modeling • Printing • Impedance rotation (MT soundings) • Exporting edited curves as EDI files (MT soundings) • Masking/ unmasking parameter values • Static stripping (MT soundings) • Static shifting (MT soundings)Opening, saving and printing sounding data To open soundings from the station list
1. On the List menu, select File | Open. 2. Select the station(s) you wish to open: 3. If you want to display only the active stations, select the Active Station check box. 4. Click Open. A guide to using WinGLink Soundings • 6-3,To open soundings on the station map
Select File|Open from Map; a simplified location map for the project station is displayed.Open soundings by clicking on each of them:
1. Click ; 2. Click the stations you wish to open; the selected stations turn to red: 3. Click .Open all soundings lying in a given area:
1. Click . 2. Left-click the mouse on a corner of the area of interest and drag it to define a rectangle on the map. When releasing the mouse button, all stations in the rectangle will turn to red. 3. Click .Open all soundings associated with a profile trace:
1. Click 2. Left-click the mouse on the profile or on a segment of the profile trace of interest. All stations previously added to that profile trace will turn red. 3. Click .Viewing parameter curves
Each window can be set to show the parameter curves or the 1D model for each sounding. On the View menu, select the desired viewing options. The following graphic shows the View menu for an MT project: 6-4 • Soundings A guide to using WinGLink,Setting diagram ranges and scale To set the ranges and scale for the plot diagrams:
1. On the View menu, select View Options. 2. For each parameter, set the automatic range option or enter the max. and min. values to be plotted. The axis scale can be set to linear or logarithmic for many plots. 3. The settings will apply to all window.Printing curves and 1D models To print station curves
1. Select the station by clicking on its window; 2. Select File | Print. 3. Select the printing options and click Print.Exporting TEM-format files (TEM data only)
To facilitate the exchange of TEM soundings between projects, station soundings can be exported to TEM-format files. The TEM format is a text-based format specified by Geosystem originally created for the purpose of simplifying the import of TEM data into WinGLink, regardless of data type, e.g. Sirotem, Geonics and Zonge. To export a TEM sounding to a TEM-format file, select the File | Export command from the Soundings menu. TEM files, created either using the TemMerge program or exported form the Soundings module, can be imported into WinGLink as described in Chapter 3 of the WinGLink manual, Getting Started. Note regarding inconsistencies between input and output TEM files: Due to data normalization procedures, exported TEM files may not necessarily be identical to the TEM files used for input. This is particularly true of Geonics soundings which may contain up to three curves. In this case, the second and third curves are normalized to the current, TX area and RX area of the first curve. In addition, as not all descriptive information contained in the input TEM A guide to using WinGLink Soundings • 6-5, file is stored in the database and is thus not included in the output TEM file.Editing sounding data Editing sounding data by spreadsheet (MT, DC)
Sounding data can be viewed and edited using a spreadsheet which shows original and edited data together in a common window.To open the data spreadsheet:
1. On the Soundings File menu, select Edit Data. 2. The soundings data are displayed in columns. Columns with original data are gray and the header has a suffix (o) indicating that the data of the column are original data. Original data cannot be edited. 3. On the Data menu, use: • Arrange columns to select the type of sounding data to be displayed • Format to set a fixed format for each data column • Operators to apply arithmetical operators to a column • Sort to sort a selected data column 4. On the File menu, select: • Save Data to store any editing changes • Exit to return to the sounding View form • Export to file to export the displayed data to a text fileEdited curve
When sounding data are entered or imported by the Soundings program, they are saved as “original data” in a reserved area of the database and are never modified unless new data are imported. At the same time, a duplicate dataset is generated and saved in a different area of the database for use by editing functions. When an editing session is carried out on the sounding data, it is carried out on this second dataset, which is referred to as the “edited curve” of the sounding. Saving changes following an editing session means saving an edited curve. This curve is used by default in calculating 1D inversion models and pseudosections. Sounding data can be edited by: 1. Opening the data spreadsheet and entering new edited values. 2. Starting the graphic interactive Edit form by selecting the Edit command. 6-6 • Soundings A guide to using WinGLink,Interactive sounding editing form
The interactive Sounding Editing form is opened by choosing the Edit command from the menu when a sounding window is selected. The form includes commands which deal with different editing functions:Selecting data points
Single point selection Click to select/unselect for editing single data points on the curve. Multiple points selection Click to select/unselect for editing all data points included in a user- defined range: click and drag the mouse to define the area.Zooming on the curve
Zoom in 1. Click a point in the curve diagram and release the button. 2. Move the mouse to define the zoom area. 3. Click and release the left mouse button. Zoom out Click to reset the previous view. Note: this button is available only after the Zoom in button has been used. It remains available until the original curve size is restored.Editing data points
Masking data (TEM data) 1. Click and select the points by single or multiple selection (the masked points will turn grey). 2. Click the Mask button again to confirm the changes. 3. The points will be hidden from the display 4. Click the Mask button again to restart the masking/unmasking process. Masking data (MT data): Using the appropriate buttons, it is possible to mask indivudual modes at each frequency. Changes made here are reflected throughout the database, i.e. in the 2D Inversion and Pseudosection modules. The MT masking buttons are used in the same way as the TEM masking buttons, see description above. A guide to using WinGLink Soundings • 6-7, Shift data points 1. Click and select the data points to be shifted by single or multiple selection. 2. Move the data points to the desired positions and click the left mouse button. 3. Click the Shift button again to confirm the action.Calculate and display a smoothed curve
Click the button to display the smoothing options Cancel the current action Undo button Undo all the editing changes made since the last time the curve was saved. All editing steps can be undone, if not saved yet.Save editing changes
Save button Saves the editing changes. These changes must be confirmed when closing the station window in the main menu in order to store them in the database.Reloading original curves
This action overwrites the edited curves of a station with the original curves. To reload original curves: 1. Select the station by clicking its window. 2. Select the File |Re-Load Original command. After reloading, the smoothed curves and the 1D models need to be recalculated. 1D inversion 1D inversion: overview The 1D Model command starts the inversion program for the station whose window is currently active. The inversion forms are the same for all project data types, with some additional options for MT soundings. The main steps involved in the inversion process are: Set curves to use The inversion can be run using the edited or for inversion smoothed curve. The curve selection button, located on the bottom bar allows the user to change the selected curve at any time. The 6-8 • Soundings A guide to using WinGLink, models must be recalculated when the curve to be used is changed. MT soundings: For each sounding, the TE, TM or invariant curve (i.e. one of the three) can be used to calculate an inversion model. A mode selection button allows the user to change the selected curve at any time. The models must be recalculated when the mode to be used is changed. Calculate the For each station, one smooth model is smooth inversion calculated and stored in the database. This model model will be used to produce imaged sections for the project. MT soundings: Two types of smooth models can be calculated and saved separately: the Bostick model and the Occam model (the respective Bostick and Occam imaged sections will be calculated). Guess the layered A layered model can be guessed from the inversion model calculated smooth models. The number of from the smooth layers is entered by the user by editing the model inversion settings or by editing the model with interactive graphic commands. MT soundings: Only one layered model is saved for each station. A guess model selection button allows the user to change which smooth model is to be used for the guess routine. Edit the initial An interactive graphic editor allows the model using the editing of layers thicknesses and resistivities. graphic model The response is displayed in real time. editor (optional) Run the inversion The inversion process can be run with a and save the model given number of iterations and predefined RMS fitting degree. Resistivity and/or thickness values of one or more layers can be kept fixed.The 1D inversion window
The following graphic shows the 1D inversion window for MT soundings. Similar forms are used for other sounding data types. A guide to using WinGLink Soundings • 6-9,Selecting the curve to be used for inversion
1. Use the 1D Model command to enter the inversion mode for the active sounding. 2. Use the button, located at the bottom of the form, to select the edited or smoothed curve for inversion. 3. Recalculate the model whenever you change the selected curve. MT soundings 1. Click the button, located at the bottom of the form, to switch between TE/TM and invariant curve to be used as the 1D curve. 2. Recalculate the model whenever you change the selected mode.Calculating smooth models
1. Use the 1D Model command to enter inversion mode for the active sounding. 2. Use the button to compute a smooth model. MT soundings To calculate the Occam model for the current sounding curve: 1. Click , then fill the fields in the Start Model frame and specify the max. number of iterations. The Occam model, and the corresponding curve, are displayed with magenta lines. 6-10 • Soundings A guide to using WinGLink, The Bostick MT model is automatically computed for the selected 1D curve. The Bostick model, and the corresponding curve, are displayed with blue lines.Guessing layered model from smooth model
To guess the layered model from the smooth model: 1. Use the 1D Model command to enter the inversion mode for the active sounding. 2. Calculate the smooth model (magenta lines), if you have not already done so. 3. Click . 4. The layered model will be guessed (green lines). MT soundings Click on the bottom bar to switch between Bostick and Occam as guess models.Running a layered model inversion
To run the layered inversion: 1. Use the 1D Model command to enter the inversion mode for the active sounding. 2. Click . 3. The inversion is started using the model shown with green lines as starting model and the inversion parameters set for the sounding.Graphic editor for 1D layered models
The layered model can be edited graphically using drag-and-drop operations. The resulting resistivity curve is updated in real-time, allowing you to compare the fit with the observed curve.To graphically change the resistivity of a layer:
1. Click the vertical line which denotes the layer’s resistivity. Two black dots appear on its edges indicating that this line can be moved: A guide to using WinGLink Soundings • 6-11, 2. Release the mouse. 3. Move the mouse pointer to the selected line; the arrow pointer changes to a double-headed arrow. 4. Left click and hold down the button; drag the line to the new layer resistivity delimiter position. 5. Release the mouse button. The resistivity curve coming from the layered model is recalculated and redrawn.To graphically change a layer’s thickness
1. Repeat the procedure described above, but instead select one of the horizontal lines which delimits the layer, and move it to the desired position. Repeat the procedure used to change a layer’s resistivity, but instead select one of the horizontal lines which delimits the layer, and move it to the desired position.Special section: MT soundings Analyzing MT data The MT sounding view form
The following picture shows the MT sounding data form. Similar forms are opened for other project data types: 6-12 • Soundings A guide to using WinGLink, TE/TM mode Click this button to change which curve corresponds to selector TE mode. In the above example, the xy curve is selected for TE mode (therefore, the yx is for TM mode) 1D model This text is displayed whenever the 1D model of the validation station needs to be recalculated because a change was made on the curve. Invariant If this option is checked, the invariant curves for display resistivity and phase are shown. The invariant resistivity is calculated as the geometric mean of rhoXY and rhoYX; the invariant phase is calculated as the arithmetic mean of the two. Smooth type Indicates the algorithm used to calculate the smoothed curves. Current Indicates the rotation (if any) applied to the impedances. rotation XY, YX The original curves are displayed in gray, the edited curves curves in red (the XY) or blue (YX); the continuous curves represent the smoothed data. Static If present, this text indicates that the edited curves have stripping been static stripped.To rotate station impedances
1. Select the station by clicking on its window. 2. Select Rotate. 3. In the Impedances Rotation frame, select the rotation type. 4. In the Apply To frame, select whether the rotation is to be applied to all stations or to the active station only. 5. Click OK. A guide to using WinGLink Soundings • 6-13,To perform a decomposition on the active station
1. Select the station by clicking on its window. 2. Select Rotate. 3. In the Impedances Rotation frame, select the decomposition type. 4. In the Apply To frame, select whether the rotation is to be applied to all stations or to the active station only. 5. Click OK.To view a polar diagram map
1. Close all stations until the Special command is shown on the main menu. 2. Select Special | Polarization Maps. 3. If you are already in polarization maps mode, select File|New. 4. Enter the values for central frequency, sampling frequency and tolerance; the frequency range is determined using these values. 5. Click OK. 6. To switch back to stations view mode, select File | Close All and then Special|Soundings.To display a miniature map of resistivity and phase
curves 1. Close all stations until the Special command is shown on the main menu. 2. Select Special | Miniature curves. 3. To switch back to stations view mode, select File | Close All and then Special|Soundings.Editing MT soundings
Additional editing buttons are added to the interactive Sounding Editing form when the project is an MT project: On the main menu, click Edit to start editing the active station. The Sounding Editing form includes several buttons, each related to a different editing action:Swapping
Swapping allows you to assign a data point of the XY curve to the YX curve (at same frequency) and vice versa. This is useful where analytic rotation results in inconsistent mode assignment. To swap the data points of apparent resistivity or phase curves: 1. Open the station or select its window if already open. 2. Select the Edit commandfrom the main menu. 6-14 • Soundings A guide to using WinGLink, 3. Click . 4. Click the data point(s) you wish to swap with the left mouse button. 5. Click again. To swap the entire curve, use the right mouse button at Step 4.Static stripping
Static stripping is an analytic technique for eliminating the frequency- independent offset of one apparent resistivity curve from the other. To perform static stripping on an apparent resistivity curve: 1. Select the Edit command on the main menu. 2. Click . 3. Click a data point on the curve and release the mouse button. 4. Move the curve to the desired location and click the left mouse button. 5. Click again. Normally, you would select a point at the high-frequency end of the curve. Practical experience suggests that most static shift cases result in one curve being moved down relative to the other. You therefore move the lower curve up to the higher one. When the original apparent resistivity curve is dragged to its new position, a scalar multiplier of the e-field value is derived. This is applied to a recalculation of all the impedances of that sounding. Thus, when you click Strip for the second time, you should see the hour-glass symbol, indicating that this calculation is taking place. The curves are then redrawn. Only the apparent resistivity curves are affected by this procedure. If the data show a very large static shift, or are strongly 3D at high frequencies, the results can sometimes be unstable. You may need to repeat the operation several times.Static shifting
Static shifting allows you to shift vertically all data points of a curve. To statically shift a curve: 1. Select the window with the sounding to edit 2. Select the Edit command on the main menu. 3. Click . 4. Click one of the curve’s data points and release the button. 5. Using the mouse, move the curve to the desired location. The amount of static shifting is displayed in the bottom of the window: A guide to using WinGLink Soundings • 6-15, This number is a scalar factor that multiplies the original resistivity values of the curve. If equal to 1, the curve is not shifted. 6. Click and release the left mouse button. The apparent resistivity range changes so that the curves appear centered in the display box. A useful guide for determining the resistivity level to which a curve should be shifted is obtained by displaying the pseudo-MT curve for a co-located TDEM station. To reset the static shift to zero: 1. Click . 2. to run Smoothing routines to Add/subtract 360° to phase data points to show pseudo-MT curve from TDEM modelCalculating smoothed curves
Resistivity and phase smoothed curves can be calculated from the edited curves using three different techniques. They are automatically updated whenever further editing is made on the curves. To (re)calculate a station’s smoothed curves: 1. Open the station or select its window if already open. 2. Select the Edit command on the main menu. 3. Click . 4. Select Smooth Options and press OK. The available smoothing options are described below Sutarno phase consistant smoothing This an application of the Hilbert transform to give an apparent resistivity curve from the phase curve. (Sutarno, D. and Vozoff, K., 1991, Phase- smoothed robust M-estimation of magnetotelluric impedance functions: Geophysics, 56, 1999-2007). It is used primarily to confirm that apparent resistivity and phase are consistent. D+ smoothing D+ relates apparent resistivity and phase of the same component (xy or yx) through a D+ function. In essence, this finds the one-dimensional earth which best fits both parameters. The procedure has been shown to be valid for most 2D data and for some 3D cases. The errors attributed to the data can be those estimated by the original data processing or can be imposed by the user. In the first case, the two parameters (apparent resistivity and phase errors) are left at the default value of -1. In the second case, the user can estimate the errors (e.g. 10%). By appropriately selecting errors, one parameter can be down- 6-16 • Soundings A guide to using WinGLink, weighted at the expense of the other. Reference: Beamish, D., and Travassos, J.M., 1992, The use of the D+ solution in magnetotelluric interpretation. Jo. Appl. Geophys., 29, 1-19. Numerical smoothing Numerical smoothing is an FFT-based low-pass filter which calculates an independent smooth curve for each of the four components. It does not have an underlying geophysical process to support it, but may nevertheless be useful in certain noisy situations. The user selects a smoothing factor which gives an appropriate result. 0 gives no smoothing at all, and useful values are typically << (half the number of data points). Reference: Press et al., 1989. Numerical Recipes, pub. Cambridge University Press, Section 13.9.Adding ± 360° to phase
This feature is useful in the case of phase curves which wrap around the normal -180 to +180 range: To add 360° to data points of a phase curve: 1. Select the Edit command from the main menu. 2. Click . 3. Select the data points of the phase curve you want to shift. 4. Click again. To subtract 360° from data points of a phase curve: 1. Select the Edit command from the main menu. 2. Click . 3. Select the data points of the phase curve you want to shift. 4. Click again.Computing pseudo-MT curve from co-located TDEM, Schlumberger sounding model or DC model
Displaying the pseudo-MT curve for a co-located TDEM or DC station A well-established procedure in MT surveys is to use co-located time- domain EM (TDEM) or DC soundings to correct for static shift (Sternberg, B. K., Washburne, J. C. and Pellerin, L., 1988, Correction for the static shift in magnetotellurics using transient electromagnetic soundings: Geophysics, 53, 1459-1468; Pellerin, L. and Hohmann, G. W., 1990, Transient electromagnetic inversion: A remedy for magnetotelluric static shifts: Geophysics, 55, 1242-1250.). In WinGLink, we assume that central or coincident loop TEM or DC soundings have been edited and inverted, either in WinGLink or using TEMIX/RESIX (Interpex products for TEM and DC data, respectively) and then imported into WinGLink. The appropriate sounding is selected using the procedure shown below. The imported 1D model is used to calculate a forward MT response. Using static shift, the observed apparent resistivity curves can then be A guide to using WinGLink Soundings • 6-17, shifted along the resistivity axis to coincide with the values suggested by the TDEM or DC response. To display the MT curve calculated from a TDEM or DC model: 1. Select the Edit command from the main menu. 2. Click . 3. Select the EM or DC Project containing the EM/DC station. The project must contained in the current database: 4. select the EM or DC station located at the MT station being edited. Note: Either EM Station or DC Station is displayed to the left of the dropdown list depending on the type of station selected.Common problems in MT sounding editing
There are some problems which can occur while editing MT soundings. A list of the most common problems is given below, together with the solution: Problem: Strip button is disabled in the Edit form This may happen for one of the following reasons: 1. You did not rotate the impedances after importing the EDI file. Solution: exit Edit and rotate impedances. 2. You ran a La Torraca or Torquil Smith decomposition. Solution: exit Edit and reload original curves. 3. The station comes from the import of an EDI file which had neither impedances nor spectra. Problem: calculated smooth curves are no longer displayed This happened because: 1. You reloaded the original curves. Solution: calculate the smoothed curves again. Problem: smoothed curves are not recalculated after shifting data points This may happen because: 2. The smoothed curves were calculated using the Sutarno option. With this option, the smoothed curves are recalculated from impedances and not from the plot parameters. Problem: when running D+ smoothing, an “invalid command” message is shown This may happen because: 6-18 • Soundings A guide to using WinGLink, 1. A La Torraca or Torquil Smith decomposition has been previously applied, and 2. You did not specify the Rho Err % and Ph Err %. Normally, these parameters are initialized with the default value of -1, which means that the variances found in the EDI file will be used. However, since the La Torraca decomposition eliminates these variances, they can no longer be used. Solution: try D+ smoothing again, and specify a value (in the 1-100% range) for both Rho Err and Ph Err.Importing/Exporting EDI files To importing MT data from an EDI file
1. Select File | Import new data| from EDI File… 2. Browse the directories and select the file you wish to import. 3. In the Impedances Rotation frame, select the desired options: If you select “Recalculate from existing spectra”, the program will look for spectra in the EDI file. If the file does NOT contain spectra, the program will look for impedances. If the file does not contain impedances, the program will read the plot parameters.To export MT data to an EDI file
1. Select the station by clicking on its window. 2. Select File | Export EDI File. 3. Click Options. 4. Check the items to be written to the EDI file and click OK. 5. Enter a name for the EDI file to be created. 6. Click Save. A guide to using WinGLink Soundings • 6-19, 7: Well CoursesWell Courses overview
The Well Courses program provides a convenient facility for manually editing well courses after stations have been imported into a WinGLink database. The Well Courses program icon is displayed in the program menu whenever a wells project (WL) is selected. Note: Well layer data, such as lithologic data or measured values, cannot be edited in the Well Courses program. As of WinGLink release 1.62.07, well layer data can be neither edited nor deleted once imported into WinGLink.Using Well Courses
To use the Well Courses program: 1. In the main Database window, use the mouse to select the Wells project (WL) which contains the well trace(s) to be edited. 2. Click the Well Courses icon in the applications panel of the main Database window to open the Well Courses program. The screen displays all wells contained in the project and the well courses for those wells. Any profiles created for the project or any profiles visible to members of an integrated project of which the wells project is a member are also shown, provided one or more stations are attached to the profile: A guide to using WinGLink Well Courses • 7-1, Use the magnifying glass and pan buttons on the toolbar to zoom in and out or pan the view area as necessary. 3. To edit the data for a well, click the station symbol for the well with the mouse. The Station datasheet opens: 4. Use the mouse or arrow keys to navigate through the datasheet. Make corrections as appropriate. Click the Save button to store your change in the database. Note: changes made in the elevation column are immediately reflected in the depth column and vice versa. New coordinate values cannot be inserted between existing values, however new values can be appended to the bottom of the datasheet provided the depth of each new value is less than that of the previous. 7-2 • Well Courses A guide to using WinGLink, 8: SectionsHow WinGLink handles sections
WinGLink sections are built through the following procedure: 1. Profile traces are added to the area of the database. Each profile trace represents the trace of the section on the surface and is created in the Maps program by adding a polygonal line to any map. Once a profile trace is added to a map, the trace is saved in the database as an attribute of the entire area and will be available for display on any map. 2. An association is created between a trace and stations belonging to one or more projects selected by the user. During this process, the selected stations are projected onto the trace. The information specifying which stations were added to a trace is saved in the database. 3. The Pseudo-Sections, X-Sections and 2D Sections, and Gravity Modeling programs will load the datasets of the stations added to a trace and use this information to edit or grid the data, build models and compute responses, print the results, etc.Adding a new section to the database
1. On the Database Window menu, select the project whose stations you wish to use. 2. Start the Maps program A guide to using WinGLink Sections • 8-1, 3. Enter Profile mode and select or create a new profile trace. 4. Add the desired stations to the selected profile trace. 5. Save the changes and exit Maps. The stations are now associated with the profile trace. Each sub-program (Pseudo-Sections, X-Sections, 2D Inversion, etc.) will use this association together with the appropriate dataset of each station to build the corresponding section. Note: More information on section construction can be found in the help topics provided for the Maps program.Showing the sections location map
In addition to the standard windows showing the sections, an ancillary window can be opened in any section program. This window shows a map with the locations of all sections, with associated stations, created for the current project. The active section (the section being currently edited) is shown with a double-thickness line. The locations of stations associated with the active profile are also shown. To open the ancillary location map window: On the View menu, select the Profile Map option.Project data used to build a section
The section for a project is created whenever one or more stations of the project are associated with a profile trace. The same profile trace may be used to build sections for many different projects. This approach makes it possible to superimpose sections of different projects that share the same profile trace, or to display a section with the data of one project and, at the same time, post the stations of other projects on the topography. The station data used to build a section are: For individual projects: Only the datasets of the stations of the current project are used. The stations of any attached project are posted but not used in the processing. For integrated projects: The datasets of all compatible member projects stations are processed to build the section. 8-2 • Sections A guide to using WinGLink,Enabling/disabling the use of a station
The data of any station on the section profile can be excluded from the processing by the user. This is done by editing the status of the station, and setting it On or Off. To do this, on the Stations menu, select Edit Status, then click the station symbol on the section. By clicking the symbol on the station, the user can change its status from On or Off and vice versa. When a station is disabled, its name and symbol are displayed in gray, no data points are shown below the station on the section, and the station data are not used when a new grid is calculated. Note: This function is available in the Pseudo-Sections and X-Sections programs. Stations enabled /disabled in any Sections module are enabled/disabled in all section programs, including 2D Inversion. To toggle the enabled / disabled status of a station: 1. Select Stations | Edit Status. 2. Click the symbol of the station(s) you wish to disable (if not shown in gray) or re-enable (if shown in gray). 3. When finished, select Gridding | Regrid to update the display according to the new station settings on the section.Viewing well courses and well layer data in sections Overview
Well courses and associated layer data can be displayed section programs X-Sections and 2D Inversion. Any well station assigned to the active profile is automatically displayed when the section is opened: Depending on program settings, the well courses may or may not be displayed. A guide to using WinGLink Sections • 8-3, In the X-Sections program, well traces and layer data can be toggled on and off using the Projects Window and the Well Layer Data window (for further details, refer to the X-Sections section of this chapter). In the 2D MT Inversion program, well courses can be toggled on and off by selecting the View | Wells command from the menu. When well courses are visible, the Well Layer Data window, which is used to select the type of well layer data displayed, is also open. The View | Well Layer Data command can be used to specify the width of the well layer data. If layer data have been imported, e.g. lithologic data, you may use the Well Layer Data window to toggle the display of the layer data on and off. As is described in the next section, this information is superimposed onto the well courses and is represented as user-specified fill patterns. Note: In the Pseudosections program it is only possible to display the station location. As the z axis in pseudosections is time, well courses and layer data cannot be displayed.Using the Category Editor to assign fill patterns
to layer data As mentioned in the previous section, it is possible to superimpose layer data associated with well stations onto well courses. Before fill patterns are assigned to the individual layer types, no filling is used and it is impossible to distinguish between layer types. Using the Category Editor, it is possible to define and assign fill patterns to specific category types, where categories here refer to types of layers. The Category Editor is available in the X-Sections, 2D Inversion and Interpreted Views and Montage programs. The categories are centrally stored in the database. Thus, regardless of the program in which categories are edited or new categories created, the modifications are reflected throughout the database. Once categories, or types of layers, have been created, any time another layer of that type is encountered in a section within the database, WinGLink automatically performs filling.To assign fill patterns to layer data:
1. On the Tools menu of the X-Sections window, select the Category Editor command to open the Category Editor: Displayed in the Category frame are all existing categories. Categories are created automatically when importing layer data and can also be created using the Add New button located at the bottom of the left column. 8-4 • Sections A guide to using WinGLink, The elements in the Item frame are the description elements contained in layer-data files which were linked to the given category type during import. New items can be created using the New button located in the upper right corner of the Category Editor. 2. Select a category and item with the mouse. The current pattern type is displayed in the Pattern Type drop-down box. 3. Click the arrow at the right end of the Pattern Type drop-down box to open a box containing all available fill patterns. Choose back color and fore color for the filling using the provided drop-down boxes. 4. The Pattern Editor, which can be opened using either the button provided in the Category Editor or by selecting the Tools | Pattern Editor command on the main menu, can be used to create new patterns. The Import function, which is called up using the Import button in the Category Editor, provides a function for importing entire categories from other databases. If you import a duplicate category, the Category Editor can be used to merge the two categories together. Upon closing the Category Editor, the well layers are filled with the appropriate fill patterns: A guide to using WinGLink Sections • 8-5, 8-6 • Sections A guide to using WinGLink,Pseudo-Sections The Pseudo-Sections program
The Pseudo-Sections program reads the apparent resistivity vs. measuring parameter values for each station associated with a profile, then interpolates them to display a section showing the lateral variation along the profile. For MT projects, apparent resistivity, apparent phase and tipper values are read and displayed as pseudo-sections in the same window. Each pseudo-section is defined by a profile trace and its associated stations, which supply the datasets with the apparent resistivity values vs. the measured parameter (i.e.: AB/2, time, or frequency, depending on the data type of the project). With the Pseudo-Sections program, the user can open more than one section at a time. Each section is displayed in a separate window. The curves used to generate the pseudo-sections can be viewed and edited, one at a time, by clicking the vertical dotted line below each station on the section.Creating a new pseudo-section
To create a new pseudo-section, you need to: 1. Construct a new section, as described in Construct a new section 2. Make sure you have imported or entered the field data for each station of the new section. You can use the Soundings program to check that the stations have data. The program will use the edited data, if available, or the smoothed data, if requested. Alternatively, the original field data will be used. 3. Start the Pseudo-Sections program. 4. In the starting form, select the profile for the section edited in the Maps program and, in the case of MT data, also check the section(s) to be opened. 5. On the Gridding menu, select New Grid and enter the appropriate parameters. 6. The section will be displayed. The section can now be edited and saved in the database for future modifications or printing.Gridding the profile data
The data of the stations used to generate each pseudo-section must be gridded in order to display contours and color ranges.To grid the profile station data
1. Select the section you want to grid. A guide to using WinGLink Sections • 8-7, 2. Select Gridding | New Grid… A form similar to that shown below this is displayed: 3. The numbers in parenthesis on the gray background show the maximum and minimum values of the data; the current value to be used to define the grid extent must be entered in the field- box close to each number. 4. In the Step X field, enter the step in the specified units. This number determines the number of columns in the grid, which will be shown in the center white box, representing the section. 5. In the T intervals per decade field, enter the number of grid rows per decade. 6. Fill the fields with the values for the interpolation radius, spline weight and smoothing factor. 7. Click OK.To show color ranges and contour lines
Click the icon to display/hide color ranges. Click the icon to display/hide contour lines.Exporting gridded data
This feature lets you export the grids used to create pseudo-sections in one of the following formats: • Geosoft • Surfer Binary • USGS • XYZ ASCII 8-8 • Sections A guide to using WinGLink,To export a pseudo-section grid:
1. Select the window containing the pseudo-section whose grid you wish to export. 2. Select File | Export Grids. For MT projects, select the parameter grid to be exported (resistivity, phase or tipper mag.). 3. Select the path where the grid is to be saved. 4. Enter a name for the grid and click Save.Masking/unmasking station data points
The data of each station can be totally or partially excluded from the pseudo-section grid by masking.To mask or unmask station samples:
1. Click the dataset you wish to edit in the section (the data are shown as dots below each station. This will bring up the data window for the station you want to edit). 2. Click on the station data window. 3. Click the button. 4. Click the point(s) you want to mask. The dots will turn gray after masking. 5. Click the masked point(s) to be unmasked. 6. Click the button again to confirm your edit changes. 7. Exit the station window, or click another station to edit its data. Note: In order to see the effects of changes made to the section, you must select Gridding | Regrid.Displaying station dataset values
On the View menu, select the Projects Window, if not already displayed: Check the V box to display the values of the dataset at each station. To update the display of the section, click the section with the mouse.MT: Changing sounding TE/TM in a pseudo-
section For each profile, both the TE and the TM pseudo-sections are constructed. A guide to using WinGLink Sections • 8-9,To choose which of the XY or YX resistivity curves of a
station is to be used for a TE or TM pseudo-section: 1. Select Edit | Stations Mode; the station symbols and names in the active window turn red or blue in color. If a station is red, it means that the XY curve is used; if it is blue, the YX curve is used instead. 2. Click the symbol of the station(s) for which you want to change the mode. If you change the mode of stations in a TE (TM) section, the mode of those stations is automatically changed in the TM (TE) section. Note: In order to see the effects of changes made to the section, you must select Gridding | Regrid.MT: Static shifting a sounding in a pseudo-
section The static shift applied to the apparent resistivity curves can be edited from within the pseudo-sections program: 1. Bring up the editing window for the desired station by double clicking on the symbol of the station along the pseudo-section. 2. Click on the station data window. 3. Click to select the curve you want to shift; the unselected curve will appear in grey. 4. Click . 5. Move the mouse pointer next to the curve and single-click. 6. Shift the curve by moving the pointer; when the curve is positioned, single-click. The amount of the static shifting is displayed in the box labeled S-Shift: This number is a factor that multiplies the original resistivity values of the curve. If equal to 1, the curve is not shifted.MT: Editing sounding data in a pseudo-section
Click the dataset of the sounding you wish to edit in the section (the data are shown as dots below each station). This action opens the “Edit sounding data” window, which shows the Rho XY, Rho YX and Phase XY, Phase YX curves of the selected station. Other stations can be selected for editing from the dropdown list at the top of the editing window. 8-10 • Sections A guide to using WinGLink, What the buttons do: shows or hides the toolbar containing the buttons listed below. lets the user perform a static shift on the active curve. lets the user mask samples of the active curve. swaps the active curve; the curve in red is the Rho XY, the one in blue is the Rho YX. The idle curve is displayed in gray. undo button. allows a band selection of samples during masking.X Sections An overview
The X-Sections program provides a tool for displaying multiple sections for a specific type of geophysical data side-by-side. Using this program, it is possible, for example, to display in a single application sections created for 1D, 2D and 3D models on separate (or the same) profiles. Note that sections can only be created from 2D and 3D MT models. Well courses and layer data belonging to stations assigned to the active profile can be displayed in a section, regardless of project type. Before starting, note the data sources for the various section types: • 1D models: these can be created from DC, EM or MT projects. Before creating sections from 1D models, make sure you have used the Soundings program to calculate the smooth and layered resistivity models. Sections can be created using Bostick and Occam 1D models for MT projects. Layered 1D models can be superimposed upon both of these. Note that sections cannot be created for layered 1D MT models. • 2D models: these can be created from MT or CS projects. The models used in creating this type of section are those created and used in the 2D Inversion programs. • 3D models: these models can be created from MT projects which contain 3D MT meshes. X-Sections generates sections of this type by interpolating along a profile which transects an area of a 3D MT mesh. Before a section of this type can be created, it is necessary to first create one or more profiles in the MT project which contains the 3D mesh. As sections produced for 3D MT meshes are generated by interpolating cell values along the profile using the resistivity values stored in the mesh – and not station values, it is not necessary to assign stations to this profile. A guide to using WinGLink Sections • 8-11, • Wells: this type of section is created using the layer data imported for each well station. It is possible, for example, to import layer data containing temperature or pressure at various depths along a well course. X-Sections interpolates these values to generate sections. In addition to creating sections using layer data in the form of numerical values, X- Sections can also display well courses and lithologic information, displayed as user-defined fill patterns along the well courses. • Vertical data: values measured at depth not associated with well courses can be used to create sections provided the stations have been assigned to a profile.Creating a new X section To create a new section:
1. Construct a new profile, as described in Adding a new section to the database. 2. Make certain that data exist for the type of section you wish to create (see description provided in the Overview section of this chapter) 3. Start the X Sections program by clicking the icon in the program window. 4. The first window displayed by X-Sections after the program has been started is the Profile Selection form: Listed in the Profiles section of the window, in the upper left corner, are the profiles available for the selected project and the number of stations assigned to each. Below this, for projects of type DC, EM or MT, is a drop-down list containing the model types available for the given project type, i.e. 1D, 2D and 3D. In the window below the drop-down are the models available in the database for the selected type on 8-12 • Sections A guide to using WinGLink, the profile selected for opening. For projects of type WL (wells), this drop-down list lists all types of numerical data which have been imported for the all well stations in the database, i.e. all types of numerical data in all well projects. Note that sections can be created using numerical values only if data exist for at least two stations on the selected profile. When displaying sections extracted from 3D models, all 3D models contained in the database are listed. As there is no direct relationship in a WinGLink database between projects and 3D models, sections extracted from 3D models can be opened even if the 3D model is not present in the current project. For informative purposes, however, 3D models present in the active project are indicated by an asterisk. If the model is present in a different project, the name of that project listed next to the 3D model name. If the 3D model is not present in any project in the database, there is no additional information displayed. Sections can be extracted along profiles on 3D models not containing any stations. Make the desired selections and proceed to the X-Section workspace by clicking the OK button. 5. The section will be displayed with both smooth and layered models, if available. 6. If viewing a section for which no grid has yet been created, a window is displayed prompting you to select the gridding options.Gridding the station datasets
Each time a modification is made to the station’s data or status, the section must be re-gridded to update the display and show the latest changes.To grid the station data:
1. Select the window containing the section. 2. Select Gridding | New Grid… 3. Enter the grid boundaries and steps: A guide to using WinGLink Sections • 8-13, 4. Enter the interpolation radius, spline weight and smoothing factor. 5. Click OK. 6. Click the icon to display color ranges 7. Click the icon for contour lines.Displaying features and parameter values
On the View menu, open the projects window if not already visible: Check the corresponding box to display stations N = Names S = Symbols M = Layered models V = Parameter values To update the display of the section after selecting or deselecting checkboxes, click the section with the mouse. If well data are available for the profile being displayed, the Well Layer Data window is also displayed and can be used to select which, if any, layer data are to be displayed superimposed upon the well course: 8-14 • Sections A guide to using WinGLink,Working with vertically distributed data in X-Sections
After importing vertically distributed data, as described in Chapter 3, Getting Started, and assigning the stations to a profile using the Maps program, X-Sections can be used to grid the values.To work with vertically distributed data in X-Sections:
1. Select a project of type Vertical Data [VD]. 2. Click the X-Sections program icon. The Profile selection dialog box opens. Select the profiles and values to be opened: 3. If the grids have not yet been created for the value you have selected, you will be prompted to select the type of gridding to be used: A guide to using WinGLink Sections • 8-15, 4. Make the appropriate selection and click OK. Regardless of which option is chosen here, the grid parameters can be modified after the grid window has opened. In addition to the functions available throughout WinGLink, e.g. color ranges and contours, and those generally available for sections, e.g. gridding, area selection etc, the X-Section program offers functionality for performing arithmetic operations on a given set of values to create a new value.To create a new value:
1. On the File menu select the New Value command. 2. The New Value dialog box opens. Select the value to be used as the source from the drop down list, which contains all of the values available for the profile. Make the appropriate selections in the remaining fields and click OK. 3. To open a grid window for the new value, select File | Open to open the Profile and Value Selection dialog box. 4 The properties for a new value or those for an existing value can be modified by selecting the File | Value Properties menu option. Edit the Unit and # of decimals fields appropriately and click OK. The Name field cannot be modified. 8-16 • Sections A guide to using WinGLink, 9: MT 2D InversionProgram overview
The MT 2D Inversion program contains two different routines for running inversions: 1. A smooth model inversion routine Developed in 2001 by Randy Mackie, who made further improvements to the routine in 2002, this routine finds regularized solutions (Tikhonov Regularization) to the two-dimensional inverse problem for magnetotelluric data using the method of nonlinear conjugate gradients. The forward model simulations are computed using finite difference equations generated by network analogs to Maxwell's equations. The program inverts for a user-defined 2D mesh of resistivity blocks, extending laterally and downwards beyond the central detailed zone, and incorporating topography. 2. A sharp boundary model inversion routine Developed in 1998 by Randy Mackie, this routine is based on the inversion of 2D MT data for discrete interfaces and the resistivities of the layers between those interfaces. The interfaces are described by a series of nodes, whose horizontal positions are fixed, but whose vertical positions can vary in the inversion. The interfaces are assumed to transect the entire model, i.e., there are no closed bodies. The interface varies linearly between each interface node. The resistivity of each layer is also described by a set of nodes at fixed horizontal positions within each layer. The resistivity is assumed to vary linearly between nodes. The interface and resistivity information is projected onto a finite-difference mesh for computation, and the inversion calculates the best fitting interface node locations and resistivity nodal values in order to fit the observed data. An assumption common to both routines is that the profile to be inverted is perpendicular to the electrical strike.Preparing the input for the MT 2D Inversion
program The preparation of the input for the 2D MT inversion program requires the use of other programs to edit the data and construct each section. Refer to the Help of the following programs for more details: Soundings • Edit and save observed MT curves. A guide to using WinGLink MT 2D Inversion • 9-1, • Assign TE/TM mode for each sounding. Maps • Construct sections by adding MT stations to a profile trace. Pseudo-sections • Further editing of data and mode assignment of MT curves. • Masking bad data in each separate TE/TM curve. (The editing carried out in the Soundings module will mask frequencies but not individual samples for each separate TE/TM component)Computing synthetic forward modeling results
Forward modeling results, corresponding to a given 2D model, can be calculated at any time by running an inversion with zero iterations. When the 2D model is saved, the results will be also saved as calculated data for the stations added to the model profile. When no stations with observed data are available for a given profile, synthetic 2D forward modeling results can be calculated by: 1. Using the Maps program to insert new stations along the profile. 2. Editing a 2D model for the profile using the 2D Inversion program 3. Running a forward modeling by entering zero iterations for the inversion. The computed results will be saved as calculated 2D data for the stations of the profile. At this stage, the stations will still miss the observed data. To store the forward response as station data, select the Save model responses as station data command on the Tools menu in the 2D MT inversion program.Note: when using the Save model responses as station data command, any existing station data are overwritten. A warning message to this effect is displayed and must be acknowledged before the data are saved as station data.Creating and loading models Elements of a model
A typical 2D inversion model consists of:A Mesh
This is a finite-difference mesh, which must have at least one column for each station of the profile. Each cell of the mesh is assigned a user- defined resistivity value. The model mesh is the input model for the smooth inversion routine. The program allows two types of automatic mesh generation 9-2 • MT 2D Inversion A guide to using WinGLink, 1. Coarse mesh generation, where the thickness of the rows increases with depth according to a fixed, pre-assigned scheme (suitable for most MT data). 2. Fine mesh generation, where the thickness of the rows increases with depth based on the initial resistivity set for the model and the frequencies involved (more suitable for high frequency data).Resistivity Interfaces
Resistivity interfaces are elements of the model used only by the sharp boundary inversion routine. The interfaces are polygonal lines added to the model to create layers of different resistivity, hence assuming a sharp variation of the resistivity within the mesh. Model validation criteria: To run a sharp boundary inversion, you need to define a valid initial model. This is a model with: 1. at least 1 resistivity interface in addition to the default interface corresponding to the air-earth interface (topography). 2. at least 1 resistivity node on each interface (including the air- earth interface). An error message will appear when trying to run a sharp boundary inversion on models which do not meet the above criteria.Resistivity nodes
Resistivity nodes are elements of the model used only by the Sharp Boundary inversion routine. The nodes are markers put on the interfaces to define the lateral variation of the resistivity below the interface. At least one node for each interface must be set, including the topography which is considered by the program as the top interface.Creating and loading models
Each profile having stations may have many models associated with it. To display the list of models associated with a profile, choose the Open Model command on the File menu and select the desired profile from the Profiles box. In the Models box, select the model name, then click OK. To create a new model, select the New item, then click OK. Each model is based on a finite difference mesh. Whenever a new model is added, a new mesh is generated with: • at least one column for each station. • the same resistivity for all cells. • a predefined number of rows and columns. You can then use the Edit Model commands to modify the active model. The Edit Model commands are made available when you click one of the following two icons: A guide to using WinGLink MT 2D Inversion • 9-3, This icon starts Edit Mesh mode. The mesh can be edited by: • Adding rows or columns • Deleting rows or columns • Changing the size of a row or a column • Changing the resistivity of the cells • Locking/unlocking cell resistivity values This icon starts the Edit Resistivity Interfaces mode. This is used to build or edit a sharp boundary inversion model. The model can be edited by: • Adding model interfaces • Adding resistivity nodes to the interfaces To exit the Edit Model mode, reclick the same icon: the program will ask if you wish to confirm the changes you made.Editing the Mesh
On the MT 2D inversion program menu, click the icon.Default mesh generation
Whenever a new model is created, a coarse gridding default mesh is generated. To set a new default for mesh generation: On the Edit menu, select: Reset Mesh to Default, then choose Coarse or Fine according to your needs. Warning: Resetting the mesh to default will cancel the current model.Displaying station 1D models
On the View menu, position the mouse over the 1D Models command, then choose the most appropriate size for the model: small, medium, large. 9-4 • MT 2D Inversion A guide to using WinGLink,Extracting a mesh from an existing resistivity
section While in Edit Mesh mode : 1. On the Edit menu, select Background, and choose Set background. Choose the background resistivity grid to display. Note: The selected background grid will NOT be displayed immediately on the screen. 2. On the Edit menu, select Background, and choose Show background grid. 3. On the Edit menu, select Background, and choose Extract Mesh from background grid. For each mesh cell where a grid value is available, a mesh resistivity value will be extracted. Remaining cell values will be extrapolatedFilling a mesh with values extracted from a 3D MT mesh
Meshes can be extracted from existing 3D MT meshes along the active profile and the resistivity values contained therein used as fill values for the current mesh.To fill a mesh with 3D MT mesh values:
1. On the Edit menu, select Fill Mesh with 3D Mesh Values. A warning message will appear, indicating that depending on 3D model dimensions, the time to extract the mesh may be on the order of minutes. This is particularly true if the original 2D mesh contains topography information. 2. After acknowledging the warning, the 3D Models selection box opens: A guide to using WinGLink MT 2D Inversion • 9-5, Select the desired mesh and click OK to initiate extraction and the subsequent filling of mesh cells. During this process, 3D mesh cells located along the profile are extracted from the 3D MT mesh and used as fill for the current mesh. Thus, if the mesh is not coincident with any part of the profile, no resistivity values will be replaced in the original mesh. 2D meshes generated by the MT 2D Inversion program generally contain mesh columns which extend well beyond the profile as well as below the expected maximum depth of penetration to allow the inversion to incorporate the effects of nearby structures on the predicted impedances. The 2D meshes extracted from the 3D MT meshes, however, are limited to values along the profile. Thus, resistivity values of the original mesh which lie outside of profile are not extracted from the 3D mesh and remain unchanged. In addition, if the resolution of the 3D mesh is exceedingly coarse relative to the original 2D mesh, it is possible that no values can be extracted from the upper layers of the 3D mesh. In this case, the original mesh values are retained.Adding rows or columns to a mesh
Open the Edit Mesh menu, then: 1. in the Rho window, select the resistivity of the new row. 2. Click and select Add Row or Add Column; the pointer changes to a cross hair. 3. In the model window, click where you want the upper bound of the new row [left bound of the new column] to be placed.Deleting rows or columns from a mesh
1. Click and select Delete Row or Delete Column; the pointer changes to a cross hair; 2. In the model window, point in proximity of the upper bound of the row [left bound of the column] to delete and then click the mouse left button. 9-6 • MT 2D Inversion A guide to using WinGLink,Sizing rows or columns
1. Click and select Row Height or Column Width; the pointer changes to a cross hair. 2. In the model window, point in proximity of one of the row/column boundaries. 3. Click and hold down the button; drag the boundary to the new position and release the button.Changing cell resistivities
On the Edit menu, select: go to Edit Mesh, or click the icon . In the Rho window, click on the box which contains the new resistivity value you wish to assign to some of the mesh cells. Then click: to change the resistivity of one cell at a time. Click on each cell to change the resistivity value. to change the resistivity of a group of adjacent cells. Click on the mesh and drag the mouse to include all cells you wish to edit the resistivity of to change the resistivity of a row/column (or half row/half column): 1. select Row/Column selection 2. click on the mesh, then click on the row/column you want to change the resistivity of. To change a half row/column resistivity, click the cell the change should start from in the row or column. to change the resistivity of all the cells below a given row: 1. select Bottom Space Selection; 2. click on the mesh, then click in proximity of the lower boundary of the row. to change the resistivity of all the cells left (or right) of a column: 1. select Left/Right Space Selection; 2. click on the mesh, then click in proximity of the left/right boundary of the column. A guide to using WinGLink MT 2D Inversion • 9-7, When setting resistivity values, you are not limited to the values listed in the Rho window. To set a specific resistivity value, enter a value in the field provided at the bottom of the window. The appropriate cell color is selected automatically based on the resistivity values of the next higher and next lower color ranges. Note: Changing the resistivity value associated with a color does not change the values of any cells in the mesh already assigned that color.Locking/unlocking cell resistivity
The resistivity of cells can be locked so that during the inversion process their resistivities are not changed. To lock cell resistivities: 1. Click and select Lock or select Edit |Lock Rho Value to enable locking mode. While in this mode, the lock icon remains depressed. 2. To lock cells, either select from the options which are listed when the mouse is positioned over the Edit |Lock Rho Value command: then click the mesh with the mouse to lock cell values or use the buttons shown below to access the same commands: From left to right, the buttons are used for cell selection, row/column selection, band selection, bottom/left/right space selection, undo locking operation, and terminate/enable locking. Note: The first five buttons function as described above only when the locking button is depressed. Their function is 9-8 • MT 2D Inversion A guide to using WinGLink, otherwise dependent on the active edit mode, e.g. edit resistivities. Locked items appear with a halftone screening. To unlock cell resistivities: 1. Click and select Unlock or select Edit | Unlock Rho Value to enable unlocking mode. While in this mode, the lock icon remains depressed. 2. Cells can be locked and unlocked using commands analogous to those used to lock cells. Likewise, the buttons described above can be used to unlock cells. After either locking or unlocking cells in Edit Mesh mode and returning to inversion mode, the locked cells are displayed in the mesh with halftone screening and the inversion parameters are set to take into account any locked cells. To enable/disable cell locking for a model: 1. On the Inversion menu, select the Settings… command. 2. The Parameter Settings dialog box opens. Select the Fixed Parms tab. 3. Select the Fixed Parameters check box. Note: Halftone screening is used to display locked cells only when the Fixed Parameters check box is selected.Editing a sharp boundary model Editing sharp boundary interfaces
On the Edit menu, select: go to Edit Resistivity Interfaces, or click the icon . The Edit Interfaces command buttons will be shown. Click: to add an interface Going from left to right, click with the mouse left button wherever you want a vertex of the polygonal interface to be added. When finished, right-click the last vertex you wish to add: the program will automatically complete the right bound of the interface. to delete an interface Left-click a segment of the interface to delete. to insert a vertex Left-click the interface at the location where you want to insert a vertex. to delete a vertex Left-click the vertex to delete. A guide to using WinGLink MT 2D Inversion • 9-9, to move a vertex Left-click the vertex to move and drag it to the new location along the interface.Setting interface resistivity nodes
On the Edit menu, select: go to Edit Resistivity Interfaces, or click the icon. The Edit Interfaces command buttons will be shown. Click: to add a resistivity node Left-click an interface where you wish to insert a node. A node will be inserted with a value of resistivity equal to the value currently selected in the Rho editor box. to delete a resistivity node Left-click the node to be deleted. to move a resistivity node Left-click on the node to be moved and move it along the interface. to edit the value of resistivity for a node 1. Left-click on the Rho editor box and select the value for the new resistivity. 2. Left-click each node to which you wish to assign the new resistivity.Inversion settings Main inversion parameters
Any combination of TM mode, TE mode, or vertical magnetic transfer function data may be input to the inversion algorithm. One can input only the data desired to be inverted by masking the unwanted data in the Pseudo-Sections program. On the Inversion menu, select Settings... Click the Main Parms tab, and select the desired options. Available for selection are: _ Invert TM rho and phase data _ Invert TE rho and phase data _ Invert Hz transfer function (*) (*) The program is written assuming an e^{-iωt} time dependence. Many processing routines assume e^{+iωt}. If this is the case, then the data will need to be conjugated to be consistent with the program. Check the "Take conjugate of Hz data" box to do so. 9-10 • MT 2D Inversion A guide to using WinGLink, Note: While in the Main Parameters dialog box, it is possible to enter an error value that will terminate the inversion. This last option is only available for the Sharp Boundary inversion routine.Setting the data for which the inversion is to be
performed From the Inversion menu, select Settings. Click the Data Select. tab Min Specifies the lower bound of the observed curve’s Frequency frequency range over which fitting is tried. If you want to fit all frequencies of the observed curve, specify a very low value, e.g. 10 E^-5 Decades Specifies the upper bound of the observed curve’s frequency range on which fitting is tried; it is equal to Min Frequency * 10 ^(Decades) Use Station Will force the program to use the observed curve data Data samples. This could lead to a long calculation time when the data points of the observed curves are not ordered in the frequency domain. In this case, you may want to select Use Interpolated Data to cut the inversion time considerably. Interpolated Uses a resampling of the observed curves. The #Freqs Data in Decade parameter specifies how many samples per decade must result from the interpolation. This option is useful for shortening the inversion time when the data points of the observed curves are not ordered in the frequency domain and/or when dealing with curves with many data points. Use By default, the observed curves used for the inversion Smoothed are the edited curves saved by the Soundings program. Curves Selecting this option will force the program to use the smoothed curves instead of the edited curves.Smooth inversion parameters
The NLCG algorithm attempts to minimize an objective function that is the sum of the normalized data misfits and the smoothness of the model. The tradeoff between data misfits and model smoothness is controlled by the regularization parameter tau. The NLCG algorithm does not try to automatically determine tau to reach a target misfit. Rather, the user must run several inversions using different values of tau, and then run the algorithm until convergence to determine what value of tau will give the smoothest model and the target misfit. It is possible with real field data that one would never be able to reach the desired target misfit. In this case, one would want the tau that gives the smaller RMS error and the smoothest model. The following parameters are available to the user for inversion control: From the Inversion menu, select Settings. Click on Smooth Inv. Smoothest The program can solve for the smoothest model or model or the smoothest variations away from the apriori variations (starting) model. Choosing smoothest variations is a useful way to do hypothesis testing for different A guide to using WinGLink MT 2D Inversion • 9-11, model parameters or features. Regularization It is possible to specify either a uniform grid Laplacian Laplacian (which assumes for the purposes of computing the regularization function that the dimensions of the model are all equal) or standard Laplacian on the actual model mesh. The uniform grid Laplacian may produce smoother models, but at the expense of smearing features both vertically and horizontally. The standard Laplacian may produce a rougher-looking model, but the definition of smoothness is consistent with the model dimensions. Unless there are reasons to do otherwise, we recommend using the standard Laplacian. Regularization Option to minimize the gradients ( )of the Order model, or the Laplacian ( ) of the model. Variations of this parameter, equal or unequal grid Laplacian, and the smoothest model or the smoothest variations give the user a great deal of flexibility for generating different types of constraints on the inversion. It is recommended that you use Laplacian smoothing as the default. Smoother models can also be obtained with increasing tau Tau for This is the regularization parameter that controls Smoothing the tradeoff between fitting the data and adhering operator to the model constraint. Larger values cause a smoother model at the expense of a worse data fit. The value of tau should optimally be chosen such that the RMS error for the inversion is between 1.0 and 1.5. A few inversion runs may be necessary to determine the best tau for each inverse problem. Additionally, noise in the data and non-2D data may prohibit the program from reaching the target RMS error values. This is especially true for TE mode data. If you find that the rms does not drop below 1.5 for any value of tau, you should increase tau until the rms is 1.5 (or perhaps 1.2) times the smallest rms you can achieve. Alternatively, you can increase the error floors until you can achieve a minimum rms of 1.0 and then increase tau until the rms is 1.5. Values between 3 and 300 seem to be typical for most MT inversions and are good starting points. Weighting The first option specifies the factor to multiply function horizontal derivatives. A value of 1.0 is recommended unless you want to increase the horizontal smoothness. The second line specifies in the weighting function. A value of 3.0 is recommended if minimizing and a value of 1.0 is recommended if minimizing . If you set the value to zero, then no weighting is applied to the 9-12 • MT 2D Inversion A guide to using WinGLink, regularization term. The third line specifies the minimum block dimensions to be used for computing the weighting function. These are specified in meters. These are useful for setting a transition from a depth- independent regularization in the shallow part of the model to a depth-dependent regularization in the deeper part of the model. Values of 500 – 1000 meters are recommended as good starting points. If values of 0.0 are specified, then the model will be overly rough in the shallow part if using a standard grid Laplacian , or overly smooth if using uniform grid Laplacian. The weighting parameters entered here are sent to the inversion code only if the Weighting enabled check box is selected. Otherwise, alpha = 1.0, beta = 0.0 and min block dimensions =0.0 are sent to the inversion program.Output When selected, the sensitivity map is output by the sensitivity inversion routine at the final iteration, regardless of map the preconditioner used. The diagonal part of T −1A Rdd A is output for each model parameter. This information can be used to determine those parts of the model that have the greatest sensitivity to that data and which parts of the model are relatively unimportant. This information is in the same format as the model files and can be viewed as a mesh by selecting the Display | Sensitivity Map command. Note: depending on the input parameters, the calculation of the sensitivity map may be time intensive. Save When selected, the resistivity values calculated for intermediate each model iteration by the inversion code are models stored in the database. Upon completion of the inversion, you can view the meshes for any or all of the iterations by selecting the Display | Model Development command. The mesh at a given iteration number can be saved as a model by right- clicking the model and specifying a new model name. The intermediate models remain stored in the database for a given model until a new inversion is performed on the modelError floor
On the Inversion menu, select Settings. Click the Error Floor tab. This is the error floor for the data. Input errors that are below this value will be reset to this value. Values greater than 1.0 for TM and TE mode data are recommended. (For small values, percents are equivalent to natural logarithm errors). The error floor for the phase should be entered in rho equivalent percent. For example, 1% in rho is equal to 0.29 degrees in phase. A guide to using WinGLink MT 2D Inversion • 9-13, For Hz data, the error floor is an absolute magnitude that should optimally be chosen relative to the quality of the Hz estimates. A reasonable starting point might be 0.01 or greaterStatic shift
On the Inversion menu, select Settings… Click the Static Shift tab.Select stations to invert for static shifts
In this version of the program, the user can specify which data are to be included in the inversion for static shifts. In other words, you can invert for static shifts for just the TE mode data, TM mode data, or any combination for each station. If you want to invert for static shifts for all data, just select the Invert for Static Shift check box. However, to specify any combination of data, on the Inversion Menu, select the Edit Static Shift command. While this command is active, double-click on each station one at a time to select the static shift option for the selected station (TE only, TM only, TE&TM). The name of the station on the topography (normally black color) will change color according to the static shift settings: - None BLACK - TE only RED - TM only BLUE - TE & TM PURPLE To exit the static-shift edit mode, on the Inversion Menu, select Lock Static Shift.Static Shift settings
Invert for The program can optionally invert for static shifts static shift of the TM and TE mode apparent resistivities. The static shift values are included as parameters in the inversion, and the datum is that the sum of the ln of the static shifts should sum to zero. Check the Use screen settings for static shift box to apply the static shift type for each station. When this box is not checked, static shifts apply to all stations for both TE and TM modes. Note: After manually setting the static shift of individual stations, both the Invert for static shift and Use screen settings for static shift check boxes are automatically selected. Variance IF you choose to invert for static shifts, you are for also asked to input a variance and a damping constraint value. The variance is the variance in the requirement that the log of the statics sum to zero. Enter values in percent, like 5.0 or 10.0. Larger values mean the zero sum constraint is less important. Damping The other parameter you'll have to enter if for inverting for static shifts is the damping term. constraint Basically, this damps the inversion so that large 9-14 • MT 2D Inversion A guide to using WinGLink, changes are not made to the static shifts on the first few iterations. In other words, you might want to try to fit the data as good as possible before allowing changes to the static shifts. Every three inversion iterations, the program reduces the damping value by a third. Thus, the static shift parameters gain in influence as the inversion progresses. If you want the statics to remain fixed until later iterations, enter a large value here, like 1000 or 10000. If you want the statics to immediately be changeable, enter smaller values. A value of zero for the damping means that the statics are completely free to be changed.Data errors
From the Inversion menu, select Settings. Click on Data Errors Use Data Check this to use the errors of the observed Errors if curves. existing (TE/TM) If the above option is not checked or the observed Rho, curves have no errors, these are the default Phase standard deviation errors to use.Fixed parameters
If the resistivities of some model cells have been locked, use the options provided on the Fixed Parms tab to specify whether or not cell locking is to be used, and the parameter which specifies the amount which the fixed parameters may change over the course of the inversion. To access this tab, on the Inversion menu, select Settings… Click Fixed Parms Fixed Certain model parameters can optionally be Parameters forced to remain fixed through the inversion. Do not mark this checkbox if you want to override all the locking performed on elements. Tau for If the above option is chosen, then a tau value clamping for keeping the parameters fixed must be input fixed (1e5 is recommended - The smaller the value, parameters the less damping). Note: After either locking or unlocking cells, the Fixed Parameters check box is automatically selected and Tau is set to a default value of 10.Sharp boundary inversion parameters
From the Inversion menu, select Settings. Click on Sharp Inv. Parms Damping This controls how damped the locked elements Factor will be. The lower the value, the less the damping. Tau for This is the regularization parameter that Resistivities/ controls the tradeoff between fitting the data Interfaces and adhering to the model constraint. Larger tau A guide to using WinGLink MT 2D Inversion • 9-15, values will result in smoother variations amongst the parameters, at the expense of a higher data misfits. Higher tau values mean that the interfaces have less variation, and the resistivity of each layer is more smoothly varying.Running the inversion Running a smooth inversion
To run the 2D smooth inversion on the selected mesh: 1. On the Inversion menu, select Settings and enter the appropriate inversion parameters. 2. On the Inversion menu, select Run Smooth Inversion. 3. Enter the Max of iterations. Enter Max of iterations = 0 to run a forward computation and see the response of the current model. Once the inversion is started, the algorithm iterates until the maximum number of iterations specified by the user has been reached or the program can reduce the RMS no further. During the inversion, the progress can be monitored via the updated RMS error shown for each iteration. In addition, the resistivity values for the mesh cells are updated following each iteration with the new values. When the inversion is completed, the inverted model is shown as a mesh. Saving this model will overwrite the initial input model. If you wish to save the starting model, you should save it as a separate model before starting the inversion.Running a sharp boundary inversion
To run the 2D Sharp Boundary inversion on the selected model: 1. On the Inversion menu, select Settings and enter the appropriate inversion parameters, including the target RMS error. 2. On the Inversion menu, select Run Sharp Bounds Inversion. 9-16 • MT 2D Inversion A guide to using WinGLink, 3. Enter the Max # of iterations. To run a forward computation and see the response of the current model, set Max of iterations = 0. Once the inversion is started, the algorithm iterates until the target RMS error is reached or the user-entered maximum number of iterations is reached. During the inversion, the progress can be monitored via the updated RMS error shown for each iteration. When the inversion is completed, the inverted model is shown as a mesh. The resulting resistivity interfaces and resistivity nodes are superimposed upon this mesh. Saving the output model overwrites the initial input model. If you wish to save the starting model, you should save it as a separate model before starting the inversion.Presentation of results Displaying the models as sections
The 2D Models are normally shown as a mesh showing the cell geometries and resistivity values. Each mesh can be gridded to obtain a section, which can be plotted or used as a background in other modeling programs. On the Display menu: • Select Mesh, to display the model as mesh (default). • Select Section, to grid the mesh and display the model as a contoured section. Choose Gridding to interpolate the resistivity values the first time you select this display mode.Displaying response curves
Response curves can be displayed for each station used in a model by double-clicking the column directly under a station name: A guide to using WinGLink MT 2D Inversion • 9-17, Provided data are available, curves can be displayed for the real and imaginary parts of TE, TM and HZ. For HZ data the tipper can also be displayed. Error bars can be toggled on and off by selecting the Err check box. The drop-down list box can be used to open the response curve for a specific station without closing the window. The three buttons in the upper right corner of the response curve windows are used to control print functions: print the current response curve to the default printer. open a selection dialog box from which you may select for printing any or all response curves for stations contained in the current model. Up to six response curves may be printed on a single sheet. open the printer settings dialog box. The status bar in the response curve window contains the RMS and static shift values for the model, provided an inversion has been run. In addition, the position of the mouse along the time axis is also displayed.Displaying pseudo-sections
One way to compare the inversion fitting is by displaying the pseudo- sections of the observed data together with the pseudo-sections of the calculated data. The MT 2D Inversion program assumes that the observed pseudo-sections have already been calculated by gridding the observed data in the Pseudo-Sections program (accessible via the main database window in the WinGLink shell). To display the pseudo-sections, select Display | Pseudo-Sections. The observed section is displayed above the calculated section. The calculated section is gridded using the same parameters as the observed section. 9-18 • MT 2D Inversion A guide to using WinGLink,Displaying multiple models for comparison
To simultaneously display multiple models: 1. Close the active model. 2. Select the Special | Multiple Windows command. 3. Select the models to be displayed for each profile.Displaying model development
The MT 2D Inversion program provides the option of storing and displaying model meshes at each iteration of an inversion. To enable and use this function: 1. On the Inversion menu, select the Settings command to open the Parameter Settings dialog box. 2. Select the Smooth Inv. tab. At the bottom of the tab, select the Save intermediate models check box. 3. Set the other inversion parameters as you normally would, then perform the smooth inversion. 4. Upon completion of the inversion, select Display | Model Development to open the selection window: . 5. A given iteration can be saved as a model by right-clicking the model window: Models saved in this way are assigned the same inversion parameters as the original model 6. To return to the model, select Display | Restore Model. Note: The model development function is available only for smooth models. A guide to using WinGLink MT 2D Inversion • 9-19,Displaying inversion reports
In addition to the graphic display of inversion results, the parameters used in the inversion, inversion errors and calculated TE, TM and HZ values for each station and period can be viewed and stored as text files. The inversion reports for a given model remain available until another inversion is performed on the same model. To view the parameters used in the inversion and the inversion errors, select View | Inversion Log. To view the observed and calculated TE, TM and HZ values for all stations used in the model, select View | Output Data. Note: For users of the stand-alone version of the inversion code, the data presented in the Output Data window are essentially the same as those output to output_*.dat files.Taking notes
Each model has associated with it a note pad, the contents of which are stored in the database together with the model. To open, select the View | Notes command. Notes stored here may optionally be saved to an external file by using the File | Save (As) command in the Notes window.Batch inversion Executing batch inversions
The MT 2D Inversion module can be used to successively execute inversions on a set of models. Inversions executed in this way make use of the inversion parameters set for each model in the Parameter Settings dialog box. All of the inversions to be performed must, however, be of the same type, i.e. either smooth or sharp, and they must have the same maximum number of iterations. To perform a batch execution: 1. Close any open models. 2. Select the Special | Batch Execution command 3. In the Batch Execution Selection window which opens, select the models to be inverted and specify the type of inversion and the maximum number of iterations to be performed (the last two parameters apply to all models): 9-20 • MT 2D Inversion A guide to using WinGLink, Select the models to be displayed for each profile and click OK to begin the inversions. 4. Unlike single inversions, the resistivity meshes are neither updated nor displayed during the inversion process. The current iteration numbers and RMS values are however, displayed on the screen. After all inversions have been completed, a summary window appears, listing the RMS values computed for each model and any problems encountered. 5. To view the inverted models, use the File | Open Model command as you would to open any model.Exporting and importing models and interfaces Exporting models and interfaces
Models created and used within WinGLink can also be exported. In addition to the models themselves, all files necessary for running an inversion using the stand-alone version of the inversion code, including the command file for either version 5.0 or 6.7+ of the stand-alone code, are output. Models can optionally be output in GEMCOM format. To export a model: 1. On the Tools menu, select the Export command. Position the mouse over the menu command and select either Input Files used for Inversion or Model in GEMCOM Format… 2. When saving the files used for inversion, specify the directory to which the files should be output as well as the version of the inversion code with which the files are to be compliant. Instead of outputting all files used for the inversion, you may, for the case of sharp boundary models, instead output only resistivity interfaces by selecting the Resistivity Interface only check box. This function is useful for transferring complex resistivity interfaces from one model to another A guide to using WinGLink MT 2D Inversion • 9-21,Importing models and interfaces
Models may be created or modified outside of WinGLink and imported into the MT 2D Inversion module. In order to import a model, both a command file (*.CMD) and a like-named model file (*.MOD) are required. The remaining parameter files, which are used by the stand- alone version of the inversion code and control parameters such as fixed cells, static shifts and weighting are optional. Command files must be compatible with either version 5.0 or newer of Randy Mackie’s 2D inversion code. Either smooth or sharp models may be imported. To import a model: 1. On the Tools menu, select the Inversion Model from External Files… command. 2. The Import Model window opens. Browse the directories and select the desired .MOD file; click OK. When working with sharp boundary models, it is possible to export and import resistivity interfaces – a convenient function when working with various models along the same profile (or profiles with similar structure). To import an interface: 1. On the Tools menu, select the Resistivity Interfaces… command. 2. Before the import commences, the MT 2D Inversion module alerts you that any existing interfaces will be lost. 3. If you acknowledged the warning mentioned in step 2 with Yes, continue by selecting the interface file (*.PAR). 9-22 • MT 2D Inversion A guide to using WinGLink, 10: 3D ModelingOverview
The 3D Modeling program is used to: • Import, create, edit and export 3D MT meshes • Create views, or slices, of 3D MT meshes • Calculate the forward response of 3D MT meshes • Export EDI files calculated for stations positioned on the mesh using field information returned following the forward calculation. Used together with the Maps program for positioning stations and defining profiles and the X-Sections program, the 3D Modeling program is the cornerstone of WinGLink’s 3D modeling functionality. Note: The 3D Modeling program is available with the MT4 license option. For details on prices and licenses, please refer to the Modules and Prices page of the Geosystem website: http://www.geosystem.netHow WinGLink handles 3D models
3D models are intended to add another dimension, so to speak, to WinGLink’s palette of MT interpretation tools. The suite of 3D-specific functions included in several WinGLink modules provides the tools necessary for 3D MT modeling including mesh generation, 3D forward calculation and EDI export. The 3D forward modeling code developed by Randy Mackie, MTD3FWD, is implemented in the 3D Modeling program. This forward modeling code computes magnetic and electric fields at the surface of a 3D electrical resistivity model illuminated by electromagnetic plane waves. Used as input are a 3D mesh in the format specified at the end of this chapter and several model parameters, described later in this chapter. The fields computed by the forward modeling code are automatically converted to magnetotelluric impedances following the forward calculation. These can in turn be used to generate EDI files for stations contained in the mesh area. Field values are generated for each column of data. Thus, EDI files can be generated for any cell in the mesh provided a station, synthetic or real, is positioned on the cell. The MT impedance values can be stored in the A guide to using WinGLink 3D Modeling • 10-1, active database as well as stored in an external file and reused to generate EDI files should stations be added to the project at a later time. These EDI files, once reimported into WinGLink, can then be assigned to map profiles and used elsewhere in WinGLink as station data, i.e. in the MT 2D module.About 3D meshes The 3D mesh definition
In order to be conformant with the forward modeling code, the 3D MT meshes must be in the slightly modified Randy Mackie format as defined at the end of this chapter. The aforementioned modification refers to the addition of georeferencing information, which is used to correctly position the mesh in the survey area. The coordinate system of 3D MT meshes within WinGLink is illustrated below: Note that the origin, or pivot point, of 3D MT meshes in WinGLink is the top, left, rear corner. Positive mesh rotation is performed counterclockwise about this point. For details on mesh rotation, refer to the Mesh Properties section of this chapter. 3D meshes in WinGLink 3D meshes are specific to MT projects in WinGLink and may thus only be imported into MT projects. They cannot, however, be imported into integrated projects. Once imported into a database, a 3D mesh remains associated with its project. The 3D Mesh Importer, which can be accessed both in the main WinGLink shell as well as in the 3D Modeling program, can be used to import 3D meshes from external files, the active database and other WinGLink databases. In addition to its forward calculation feature, the 3D Modeling program also provides functionality for mesh creation, editing, import, export and visualization. Once in a project, 3D MT meshes can be displayed in the Maps program. Here, stations can be positioned and profiles defined (refer to Chapter 5, Maps, for details). Map profiles defined on meshes can be used to extract vertical 2D sections in the X-Section program (refer to Chapter 7, Sections, for details). 10-2 • 3D Modeling A guide to using WinGLink,Using the 3D Modeling program
The 3D Modeling icon, shown to the right, is displayed in the WinGLink database shell whenever the project selected in the Project panel of the database shell is of type MT. Note that the icon is not available for integrated projects of type MT.Selecting a mesh
1. After clicking the 3D Modeling icon, the following dialog window opens, listing all 3D meshes available for the current project: If no 3D meshes have yet been imported, using either the WinGLink database shell or the 3D Modeling program, the table is empty. For details on importing 3D meshes into WinGLink, please refer to the next section or section “Importing 3D MT meshes” in Chapter 3 of the WinGLink manual. 2. Select the desired mesh with the mouse, then click the OK button to continue.Importing meshes
In addition to the mesh import function available in the WinGLink database shell, meshes can also be imported in the 3D Modeling program. To import a mesh into an existing MT project from within the 3D Modeling program: 1. On the Tools menu, select the Import 3D Mesh Model … command. 2. The first of the 3D MT Mesh Import Wizard windows opens. Specify the data source: from file, the current database, or an external database. If you choose to import from either the current database or a different WinGLink database, additional dialog windows open prompting you to select the database name (if you selected external database) and to select the mesh to be imported. A guide to using WinGLink 3D Modeling • 10-3, 3. In Import Step 2, select the source file. The file must be in the Randy Mackie format specified at the end of this chapter. 4. In step three of the import process, specify the units of the data source: 5. In Import Step 4, specify the mesh attributes, including mesh name, location of the rear top left corner as well as the angle to which the mesh is to be rotated: 6. In the final step, WinGLink performs the import operation. Import progress and any encountered errors are displayed on screen. 10-4 • 3D Modeling A guide to using WinGLink,Exporting meshes
Meshes can be exported from the 3D Modeling program to files in the modified Randy Mackie format. Files exported in this way can be reimported into WinGLink. In addition to the 3D MT mesh file, two additional files are also exported. A *.LCK file contains information about cell locking. This file is used by the stand-alone version of the forward calculation program. A file prefixed with SITES_ and postfixed with .DAT contains the mesh coordinates of each station, i.e. cell number and row number. This last file is currently used only for test purposes. To export a 3D MT mesh, select the Tools | Export 3D Mesh Model command to open the 3D Model Mesh Export window. Specify a file name and click the Save button.The Mesh Navigator
After selecting a 3D mesh, the Mesh Navigator opens in its minimized state, as shown below. The Mesh Navigator is used to extract planes from the mesh along any of the principle axes. These planes are referred to as Views within WinGLink. Once one or more views have been created, the 3D Modeling program’s suite of mesh editing functions are enabled. For details on mesh editing, please refer to the “Editing meshes” section of this chapter. As mentioned above, the Mesh Navigator is initially displayed in its minimized state. Click the Maximize button to include a 3D display of the mesh in the Mesh Navigator: A guide to using WinGLink 3D Modeling • 10-5, The Mesh Navigator serves to extract sectional views of meshes. The red slice displayed in the mesh corresponds to the plane selected in the center area of the Navigator. A specific plane can be selected for a given axial view by entering the appropriate value in the Plane Number field. Alternatively, the arrow buttons can be used to cycle through the planes along a given axis, whereby the double arrows (<< >>) position the selected plane at the respective outer mesh edge. The slider bar located at the base of the Selected Plane section of the window, which includes plane width/height, functions in a manner similar to the arrow bars with the added feature that the arrow buttons on the keyboard can be used to cycle through the layers. To extract a planar view from a mesh: 1. Planar views can be extracted for the selected plane by clicking the Create View button: 10-6 • 3D Modeling A guide to using WinGLink, 2. Multiple views can be opened along any axis by pressing the Create View button multiple times. You may also change the mesh displayed in a given view window by first selecting the window to be updated, selecting a new plane in the Mesh Navigator, then clicking the Update View button. It is possible to zoom in on a particular area of the mesh displayed in the Mesh Navigator by repeatedly clicking the area of interest on the mesh. Click the Reset View button in the Mesh View area of the Mesh Navigator to restore the mesh to its original size. Once closed, the Mesh Navigator can be reopened by selecting the Mesh Navigator button from the 3D Modeling toolbar:About views
As mentioned above, views are planes extracted along one of the three principle axes. As is described in the Editing Meshes section of this chapter, editing operation on the mesh can be performed in these views, i.e. add and delete rows and columns as well as modify resistivity values. The 3D Modeling program provides several display options for view windows. These options, which are accessible via the toolbar and/or the menu bar or shortcut menu, are described below. Button operations only apply to the currently active view window. A given button operation remains associated with a view window, even when simultaneously working with multiple windows, i.e. selecting the Split Row button in one view window does not enable the Split Row button for all other open view windows.Show Rho Values
A guide to using WinGLink 3D Modeling • 10-7, Use this button to open and close the Select Rho Value window, which should be familiar from other WinGLink modules. This window is used when editing to select the active resistivity value. The active resistivity value is indicated in the Select Rho Value window by a red value with a grey shadow. The value of a specific range can be changed by altering the value displayed in the field at the base of the window. The number of decimals shown in the display can be set in the Decimals field at the top of the window: The Rho Values window can also be toggled on and off using the View | Show Rho Values menu command.Select View
Use the Select View button to open the View Area window, which is used to define the bounding rectangle of the mesh displayed in the view: Changes made to the bounding rectangle in this window are reflected immediately in the Preview area. To fit the entire mesh within the window, click the Apply button next to the Fit To All Mesh label in the AutoRange area of the window .Fit Mesh
The Fit Mesh button serves the same function as the Apply button in the View Area window: click the button to fit the entire mesh to the active window. The fit mesh function, as well as many of the functions described in this section, can also be accessed via the shortcut menu, which can be opened by right-clicking a View Area window: 10-8 • 3D Modeling A guide to using WinGLink,Hide Mesh Lines Hide Fill Colors Zoom In/Out
When the Magnifying Glass button is selected, the degree of zooming can be controlled by clicking the left and right mouse buttons: left click to zoom in, right click to zoom out.User Zoom
When the Crosshair button is selected, use the mouse to select an area of the view window. This selected area is then magnified to fill the entire window.Numerical Zoom
To exit the User Zoom mode, click the Magnifying Glass button. Click this button again to exit Zoom In/Out mode. You can now select predefined numerical zoom values from the dropdown list. Selecting the User Zoom option disables the numerical zoom function and automatically selects the Crosshair button. All Zoom functions can also be selected using the View | Zoom View menu command.Pan View
Use the Pan View button to move the area of the mesh which is displayed in the active View window. While in this mode, the cursor is displayed as a hand. The cursor returns to an arrow after the mouse has been used to shift the mesh position once, another toolbar button has been clicked, or another shortcut menu command selected. A guide to using WinGLink 3D Modeling • 10-9,Editing meshes
Mesh editing can be performed in the 3D Modeling program provided one or more views are open. For details on creating views, please refer to the Mesh Navigator section of this chapter. Edit operations affect the entire mesh. For example, if a row is added in the X plane, the Y plane, if displayed, is automatically updated to reflect the addition. In 3D Modeling, edit operations are initiated by clicking the edit buttons and shortcut menu commands described below. Note that most edit functions do not have a corresponding command in the main menu.Undo/Redo
The Undo button, the arrow button at the far left, remains disabled until an edit operation is performed. Once enabled, it can be used to stepwise reverse all actions performed with any of the edit functions. For example, if the Set Value function was used to change the resistivity values of five cells, then columns were deleted, the Undo button can be used to undo each of changes. The Redo button, shown to the right of the Undo button, remains disabled until the Undo button has been used at least once. It can be actuated to reverse the effect of the Undo function. Thus, it can only be actuated as many times as was the Undo button. The Undo and Redo functions can also be executed with the commands available on the Edit menu.Lock/Unlock
The Lock button is used to lock and unlock resistivity values. Note, however, that locked cells are not used during the forward calculation performed within WinGLink. Locked cells are used only by the standalone version of the forward code. Users of the standalone version of Randy Mackie’s 3D forward code can make use of this feature by locking cells as described below, then exporting the 3D mesh model to an external file. This export function actually exports two files: a file which contains the mesh model (*.out) and a file which contains the lock state of each cell (*.lck). To export mesh model and lock files, select the Tools | Export 3D Mesh Model command. The resistivity values of locked cells remain fixed during the forward calculation when using the standalone version of the code. Locked cells are displayed in the view windows with a dotted grid. To lock/unlock cells, click the Lock button to enter locking/unlocking mode. Immediately after clicking the button into the down state, a shortcut menu appears with two menu commands: Lock and Unlock. Click the appropriate command. The four buttons to the right of the Lock button and described below can now be used to lock/unlock individual cells, rows, columns and regions on the mesh. 10-10 • 3D Modeling A guide to using WinGLink, Note that the locking/unlocking functions apply only to the current view in the active view window. You cannot, therefore, lock all cells in a given column by, for example, locking a cell in the top Z plane.Set Value
To set the resistivity values of individual cells, or, if locking/unlocking is enabled, to lock cell values, select the Arrow button. If the Lock button is not down, cells clicked while the Arrow button is down are assigned the resistivity value active in the Rho Value window. Mesh ranges can be edited as elsewhere in WinGLink by using the Range Editor, which can be opened by selecting the Edit Ranges command on the Range menu. Refer to the Common Functions chapter of this manual for details.Row/Column Selection
Click the Row/Column button to open a shortcut menu which lists several selection options. As long as the button is in the selected state, cell locking/unlocking or setting of resistivities is performed by row or column.Wide Selection
The Wide Selection button is used to lock/unlock cells or set resistivities for all cells to the left, right or below the selection point on the view window. The behavior of the Wide Selection button is dependent on the menu option selected from the shortcut menu which appears when the button is clicked.Band Selection
The band selection locks/unlocks cells or sets cell resistivities for a region of the mesh defined by a rectangle created by clicking and dragging the mouse across the view window.Split Row/Column
Click the Split button to open a shortcut menu which lists options for row and column. After making the appropriate selection, move the mouse over the active view window. Position the mouse pointer, which is now displayed as a pair of scissors with a miniature crosshair, in the row or column to be split. Place the crosshair at the point where the row or column is to be split and click. After clicking, the row or column is split in two at the crosshair. Both halves retain the resistivity values of the original row or column.Delete Row/Column
A guide to using WinGLink 3D Modeling • 10-11, As with the Split button, after clicking the Delete button, a shortcut menu opens which lists options for row and column. Make the appropriate selection and position the mouse over the active window. Place the mouse pointer, which is now displayed as a box with a red cross and a miniature crosshair, on the row or column to be deleted. The row or column under the crosshair is deleted after clicking the mouse. When deleting rows, the row directly under the deleted row is extended upward. When deleting columns, the column to the immediate right of the deleted column is extended towards the left. The exception to these rules are the deletion of the bottom row or right-most column. In these cases the row above the bottom row is extended downward or the column to the left of the right-most row is extended rightward.Redim Row/Column
Row and column dimensions can be modified by clicking the Redim button. As with the Split and Delete buttons, a shortcut menu opens listing row and column options after clicking the button. After selecting an option, position the mouse over the active view window. The mouse pointer changes to either a horizontal or vertical double-ended arrow when positioned on a mesh line. By redimensioning the right-most column and bottom-most row in a view window, it is possible to resize the mesh.Value Editing
The Copy Rho Values and Copy Lock Values commands can be used to copy all rho or lock values from one view window to another. These two commands can be accessed on the View Window shortcut menu, which is opened by right-clicking a view window, then positioning the mouse over the Value Editing command: To copy either rho or lock values from one view window to another, select the respective command, open a new view window of the same type, i.e. X, Y or Z plane, then select the Paste Values command from the shortcut menu in the target window.View Area Editing
The view area displayed in one view window can be copied to another with the View Area Editing commands. The Copy View Area command can be accessed on the View Window shortcut menu by positioning the mouse over the View Area Editing command to open a submenu. To copy the view area from one window to another, select the Copy View Area command in one window, then select the Paste View Area command from the shortcut menu in the target window. 10-12 • 3D Modeling A guide to using WinGLink,Editing meshes: Differences between 2D Inversion and 3D Modeling programs
The edit functions in the 3D Modeling program are similar, however not identical, to those available in WinGLink’s 2D Inversion program. The principle difference is the way in which rows and columns are added and deleted. Adding rows/columns: In the 2D Inversion program, rows and columns are added. New rows and columns are assigned the resistivity value currently selected in the Rho window. In 3D Modeling, on the other hand, rows and columns are not added, but rather split. A given row or column is divided into two: both halves retain the resistivity value(s) of the original row/column. Deleting rows/columns: To delete a column in 2D Inversion, you must click the line which defines a given row or column. In 3D Modeling, you instead position the crosshair on the row or column which is to be deleted. Mesh editor The Mesh editor, opened with the Ranges | Edit Ranges command functions as elsewhere in WinGLink, with one notable exception: changes made to the color ranges used in view windows are not stored in the database. For example, the color ranges used for a 3D mesh are returned to the default values if 3D Modeling is exited and subsequently restarted. For details on using the Mesh editor, refer to Chapter 5 of this manual, Common Functions.Mesh properties
Mesh properties, including name, position and number of air layers can be edited in the Mesh Properties window. To open this window, select the File | 3D Model Mesh Properties command: Description: mesh name Mesh position (x,y,z): coordinates on the project datum A guide to using WinGLink 3D Modeling • 10-13, Rotation: positive degrees of counterclockwise rotation about the top left, rear column Air layers: number of air layers on top of the mesh (minimum: 7, ideal: 10)Forward model calculation Overview
The forward model calculation performed in the 3D Modeling program makes use of the MT3FWD code written by Randy Mackie: Developed in 1999, MT3FWD is a program to compute magnetic and electric fields at the surface of a 3D electrical resistivity model illuminated by electromagnetic plane waves. It is a modified version of D3MTFWD2 released by Mackie and Madden in 1997. The 3D modeling algorithm uses the integral form of Maxwell’s equations to derive a finite difference approximation for the magnetic field that is second order. Non-divergence of the magnetic field is enforced by evaluating the magnetic and electric fields on grids that are staggered relative to one another. The resulting linear system is solved by pre- conditioned conjugate gradient relaxation. Convergence is considerably enhanced by explicit correction of residual failure of the non-divergence condition. The algorithm is discussed in Mackie, Smith & Madden* (1994). However, the program does not employ the coordinate transformation that converts an isotropic model on a non-uniform grid to an anisotropic model on a uniform grid. The program assumes that 2D structure parallel to each edge continues uniformly to infinity in the direction normal to the edge. The tangential magnetic fields are assigned using 2D calculations for each edge. The edges parallel to the source magnetic field will have electric current flowing normal to them and so TE mode calculations are done. The edges perpendicular to the source magnetic field will have current flowing parallel to them. In these cases, the tangential magnetic fields are zero. Relaxation is faster if a good estimate of the solution is provided at the start. The program interpolates the vertical boundary fields to form the initial guess in such a way that the fields should already be a solution to the interior fields if the model is 2D rather than 3D. *[Mackie, R.L., Smith, J.T. and Madden, T.R., Three-dimensional electromagnetic modeling using finite difference equations: the magnetotelluric example. Radio Science, 29, 923-935, 1994.]Forward calculation
Required for input is a 3D MT mesh in the slightly modified Randy Mackie defined at the end of this chapter. All 3D MT meshes in WinGLink fulfill this requirement. To set the parameters for the forward calculation for the loaded 3D MT mesh, select the Tools | Forward 3D Model Mesh menu command. The 3D Forward Process dialog box opens: 10-14 • 3D Modeling A guide to using WinGLink, 3D Forward Parameters Min. Error: error level at which the forward calculation is stopped. (1E-4 - 1E-6 recommended) Relaxations: 50-100 recommended Air layers: min. 7, 10 recommended Periods: Min Period: specifies upper bound of frequency range over which fitting is tried #Decades: number of decades to be used. Maximum period used is thus equal to the minimum period *10^number of decades #Periods per Decade: number of periods per decade 1D Basal Model: The 1D basal model is used to set the bottom impedance condition that relates the E and H fields at the bottom of the model. It can be a homogeneous half-space model or a layered 1D model. Thickness: layer thickness in meters Resistivity: layer resistivity in ohm.mSave Output
The forward calculation returns field values which are then transformed into MT impedances for the purpose of generating EDI files. The field A guide to using WinGLink 3D Modeling • 10-15, values are automatically stored in the database when the mesh is saved. The values may also be written to an external file. Save to File: Saves the field values to an external file (*.rslt). When saving to a file, click the browse button to specify the name and path of the file to which the fields are to be written. Files stored using this option can be opened in the EDI Export window and used to export EDI files for any MT station located on the mesh.Time requirements
The time required to perform the forward calculation varies dramatically (approximately cubically) depending on the mesh size. During testing, a forward calculation performed on a sample 20x20x20 mesh using 1 decade and 3 periods on a 1.4GHz, 512MB RAM computer required 2 minutes. A 35x35x35 mesh, on the other hand, required nearly 20 minutes. A progress bar and message box in the 3D Forward Process window provides information on the status of the calculation.Starting the forward calculation
To start the forward calculation, click the Start button in the 3D Forward Process window. If the Save to File checkbox is selected, the Start button is not enabled until a file has been selected using the Browse button. The Stop button can be used to terminate the calculation.Exporting EDI files
The MT impedance values calculated from the field values returned by the forward calculation can be used to generate EDI files. These impedance values, located either in memory or in an external file, can be used, in principle, to generate EDI files for any mesh column. The EDI export is, however, limited to columns containing at least one MT station. The EDI files of stations associated with the same column are identical except for the station names. Stations can be added and removed, as well as activated and deactivated, in the Maps program. (Refer to Chapter 4, Maps, for details.) Note that stations do not need to be active or even exist when calculating the forward model, i.e. they can be added after performing the forward calculation. To export EDI files for stations associated with a mesh: 1. On the Tools menu, select the Export EDI File command. 2. The EDI Export window opens: 10-16 • 3D Modeling A guide to using WinGLink, 3. In the Data Input area of the window, specify the location of the impedance values. If you have performed a forward calculation during the current 3D Modeling sitting or if a forward calculation has been performed using the current mesh and the impedance values were stored in the database, the from Memory option is active in the Data Input area of the window. If not, only the from File option is available. External files must be files containing impedance values generated by the 3D Modeling program, i.e. result files generated by the stand alone version of the 3D forward program cannot be used. If the from File option is selected, the EDI export cannot be started until the file has been specified. 4. Click the Locate button in the Data Input area of the window to open the Locator window: Use the X and Y fields to adjust the position of the mesh relative to the stations. The Rotation field may likewise be used to change mesh rotation. Changes made here are not permanent and are thus not reflected in the mesh properties window or elsewhere in WinGLink. 5. Displayed in left portion of the window is a view of the top plane of the 3D mesh including all stations contained in the A guide to using WinGLink 3D Modeling • 10-17, project. Use the two checkboxes Draw Wired Frame and Draw Shade located at the base of the window to change the mesh display. 6. Select the Include Attached Project Stations checkbox to export EDI files for all MT stations positioned on the mesh which are contained in projects attached to the current project in addition to those contained in the current project. For details on attaching one project to another project, please refer to section “Attaching a Project to another Project” in Chapter “Getting Started”. 7. After specifying a destination folder for the EDI files in the Output Folder field, click the Start button to begin the export process. The export status is indicated by a progress bar.Exporting 3D Grids files
Not only can 3D MT meshes be output to mesh files which conform to the Randy Mackie 3D MT mesh specification, but they can also be output to uniform 3D grid files in the Slicer format. To export a 3D mesh to a uniform 3D grid, select the Tools | Export 3D Grid File menu command to open the 3D Grid File Export dialog box: Specify the planes to be included in the file and the spacing to be used in each of the planes. After specifying an output file name in the Select File field, click OK to export the file. Note: 3D Grid files exported using the Export 3D Grid File command cannot be reimported into WinGLink.Randy Mackie 3D MT mesh specification
The mesh format is that specified by Randy Mackie plus an additional data block, located at the end of the file, which contains georeferencing information. NX, NY, NZ (#’s of blocks) [Nair (layers)], [MAP. VAL[UES]] X block sizes (NX values in meters) Y block sizes (NY values in meters) Z block sizes (NZ values in meters) 1 (layer #) 10-18 • 3D Modeling A guide to using WinGLink, NX*NY codes or values in free format: x varies fastest - - NZ (layer #) NX*NY codes or values in free format: x varies fastest 0. resistivity(for code 1) resistivity(for code 2) ... resistivity(for largest code) [resistivity for sea water] end (optional termination text) - -WINGLINK
ABC (site name) I J (block numbers) 0000.000 0000.000 (real world coordinates) 0 (rotation) A sample 3D MT mesh can be downloaded from the Geosystem web page at the following address: http://www.geosystem.net/downloads/meshExample.out A guide to using WinGLink 3D Modeling • 10-19, 11: Gravity and Magnetic 2.75DModeling Program overview
The Gravity and Magnetic Modeling program is used to create, edit and manage 2.75 D models of rock density (gravity projects) or rock susceptibility (magnetic projects ). Each model is attached to a profile of the database. One or more models can be attached to each profile. The profiles must have been previously defined using the Maps program. The observed anomaly values to be fitted are automatically associated to each defined profile. Several models can be displayed simultaneously, each one in a separate window. An example is shown below: The upper frame shows the observed anomaly curve (red) and the calculated anomaly curve (green). The lower frame is used to display and interactively edit the model. As the editing goes on, the calculated curve is updated automatically in order to show in real time how the changes affect the calculated curve and check the fitting of the model. A guide to using WinGLink Gravity and Magnetic 2.75D Modeling • 11-1, The values for the observed anomaly curve can be chosen from any of the values of the project stations. A selection window, which lists all values available for the selected projects, is available for value selection: Choosing NONE will allow a forward modeling to be performed with no anomaly value. Finally, it is possible to display a background section from any project (imaged or cross section), thus integrating gravity with any other information available in the area. In the example shown below, the deep high resistivity complex is modeled as the source for the gravity high.Observed anomaly values
The observed anomaly curve can be represented in two ways:Anomaly curve with measured values
This curve is obtained by using the observed value associated with each station of the profile. For each model, the values used to construct the curve can be selected from the values available for the stations of the project. These can be raw, edited or processed values (i.e.: measured, filtered, etc.).Anomaly curve with interpolated values
This curve is obtained by extracting the values along the profile from a map grid, using a fixed sampling step. The resulting curve is a smooth curve that may show values in no-data areas, due to the interpolation process. 11-2 • Gravity and Magnetic 2.75D Modeling A guide to using WinGLink, The above picture shows an example of observed anomaly curves, with both station values and interpolated values. The red crosses are the values of the stations attached to the profile. The continuous red line is the line extracted from the map of the same values, sampling the grid at a regular step. The shape of the curve depends on the gridding parameters that were used in the Maps program. This curve will not be displayed if the selected station values have not been gridded in the Maps program.Selecting the anomaly
This option lets you change the source of the observed curve. 1. Select the window containing the model. 2. Select File | Load Anomaly Values. 3 Select the desired value type. The new observed anomaly curve is displayed. If you cannot see the calculated curve, do the following: 1. Select Tools | Set Vertical Shift. 2. Select the Automatic check box and click OK.Changing the vertical shift
The vertical shift brings the calculated anomaly curve into the observed anomaly range by applying a constant value to the whole calculated anomaly curve. 1. On the Tools menu, select Set Vertical Shift… A guide to using WinGLink Gravity and Magnetic 2.75D Modeling • 11-3, 2. Select the Automatic check box or enter the value and click OK.Displaying a section in the background
This option lets you display a gridded section from any other project of the database as a background of the 2.5D gravity model. 1. Create or open a model for your profile. 2. On the Tools menu, select Set Background. 3. Select the type of section you want to display: 4. Select the project from which the section is to be taken and click OK.Creating and defining models Creating a new model
1. Select File | Open Model. 2. Select the profile with which the new model is to be associated: 3. In the models frame, click on << New >>, then click OK: 11-4 • Gravity and Magnetic 2.75D Modeling A guide to using WinGLink, 4. Enter the model name and choose the observed anomaly from the values list, then click OK: 5. The listed anomaly values are the values available for the stations of the current Project. The anomaly values can be selected and changed anytime. 6. When creating a new model, an open reference body, which lies directly underneath the topography, is automatically added to the model. This body represents an uniform earth, prior to adding other bodies to the model. Enter the density (and any other parameters) for this body in the Edit Body form, then click OK. 7. Drag the reference body label to the desired location and drop it by clicking the left mouse button: 8. Other bodies can now be added to the model. A guide to using WinGLink Gravity and Magnetic 2.75D Modeling • 11-5,Opening a model
Select File | Open Model: a window opens, listing the available profiles, a simplified profile location map, and an optional preview of associated models: Select the profile by clicking its name: Select the model by clicking on its name; select the Model Preview check box to display a simplified sketch of each model. Click OK.Deleting a model
1. If the model you want to delete is open, close its window. 2. Select File | Delete Models. 3. Select the model you wish to delete. 11-6 • Gravity and Magnetic 2.75D Modeling A guide to using WinGLink,Editing models Editing commands and icons
Models can be edited using menu commands or edit icons: • To edit a model using commands, on the Model menu, select Body, Vertex, or Label to display the corresponding editing commands, or • Click on the toolbar to display the Editing Icon Bar. Important warning: When an editing command (for example: Add Vertex) is started, this command remains active after executing the action, allowing the same command to be applied repeatedly. To terminate the editing command, click the mouse right button or press the Esc key. The currently active action command is indicated in the bottom right corner of the program window:Adding bodies to a model
• On the Model menu, select Body and then choose the type of body to be added or • Click to display the editing icons. Click: to add a body open on both sides to add a body open on the left-hand side to add a body open on the right-hand side to add a closed body To define the polygonal section of the added body: 1. Move the mouse pointer into the model window, then left-click where you want the first vertex of the body to appear. 2. Repeat the above step to add at least two more vertices. 3. When finished, right-click the mouse: the program will complete the body geometry according to the initial body definition. 4. The Edit Body form appears. A guide to using WinGLink Gravity and Magnetic 2.75D Modeling • 11-7, 5. Edit the body as detailed in paragraph Editing body properties. 6. Right-click or pressDeleting bodies
• On the Model menu, select Body, and then Delete, or • Click on the Editing toolbar: When the mouse pointer becomes cross-shaped: left-click inside of the body to delete the body. Confirmation is requested before the body is deleted. Right-click or pressMoving bodies
• On the Model menu, select Body, and then Move, or • Click on the Editing toolbar. When the mouse pointer becomes cross-shaped: left-click inside of the body. To move the body, drag it to the new position and left-click to drop it. Right-click or pressSplitting a body
• On the Model menu, select Body, and then Split, or • Click .on the Editing toolbar. To define the polygonal section of the new resulting body: 1. Move the mouse pointer into the model window, then left-click on a vertex of the source body (where you wish to start splitting it). 2. Continue to left-click to add vertices inside the source body. 3. Right-click the mouse on another vertex of the source body (where you wish to stop splitting it). 4. The Edit Body form for the new resulting body is then shown. 5. Edit the body as detailed in paragraph Editing body properties 6. Right-click or pressEditing bodies in a model To Add vertices to a body:
1. On the Model menu, select Vertex\Add, or click on the Editing toolbar. 2. When the mouse pointer becomes cross-shaped, left-click near the line where the vertex is to be added. 3. Move the mouse pointer to drag the new vertex and left-click to drop it. 4. Continue adding vertices as desired. The anomaly curve will be updated accordingly. 5. Right-click to stop adding vertices. • On the Model menu, select Vertex\Add, or • Click on the Editing toolbar.To Delete vertices from a Body
1. On the Model menu, select Vertex\Delete, or click on the Editing toolbar 2. When the mouse pointer becomes cross-shaped, left-click on each vertex to delete. 3. Right-click to stop deleting vertices.To move the vertices of a body:
1. On the Model menu, select Vertex\Move, or 2. Click on the Editing toolbar. 3. When the mouse pointer becomes cross-shaped, left-click on the vertex to move 4. Move the mouse pointer to drag the vertex and left-click to drop it. 5. Right-click to stop picking vertices to move Important: Before moving the vertex, you may want to make sure the Automatic Vertical Shift option is turned off, otherwise it will be calculated and applied at every move. A guide to using WinGLink Gravity and Magnetic 2.75D Modeling • 11-9,To clip two or more vertices:
1. On the Model menu, select Vertex | Clip, or click on the Editing toolbar. 2. When the mouse pointer becomes cross-shaped, left-click the vertex to clip. 3. Move the mouse pointer to drag the vertex on the partner vertex, and left-click to drop it. 4. The clipped vertices turn red.Setting the properties of a body
To edit the properties of a body: 1. On the Model menu, select Body\Properties, or click on the Editing toolbar. 2. Double-click with the mouse inside the body to be edited. 3. The Edit Body form opens. Select the desired property tab, and enter the settings as appropriate: Wh en body properties are entered or edited, check the box beside each property to display it in the label attached to the body. For example, if you wish to display the strike length and offset of a body, select the check boxMoving Body labels
1. Click on the Editing toolbar, then click the label and drag it to its new position or simply on the label and move it. 2. A straight line will connect the label to its old position. To edit the line, click on one edge, and drag it to the desired location.Formatting body labels
1. On the Model menu, select Format Labels or right-click on one label (the format settings will be applied to all labels). 2. Enter the desired format setting. A guide to using WinGLink Gravity and Magnetic 2.75D Modeling • 11-11, 12: Interpreted Views andMontage An overview
The Interpreted Views and Montage (IVM) program provides a tool for displaying multiple layers of geophysical data in a single document. As a set of medical transparencies might be used to display skin over muscles over bones, IVM is used to superimpose various types of geophysical data onto one another, e.g. cultural data and well logs over a 2D model of magnetotelluric data acquired along the same profile. IVM is designed to prepare for presentation data which have been processed and modeled using the various interpretation modules contained within WinGLink. In addition to displaying raw and processed data, the program contains several sets of tools for annotating documents. IVM itself contains no data analysis functionality.Document types
The IVM program can be used to create two types of documents: • Maps: these documents may contain, among other features, maps created in the Maps program in WinGLink, cultural data, stations, profiles and interpretation areas: A guide to using WinGLink Interpreted Views and Montage • 12-1, • Sections: these documents may contain sections created in WinGLink, e.g. grids and meshes created in the 1D Sections and 2D MT Inversion modules, as well as cultural data, station data, profiles and interpretation areas: In both types of documents, the different features are placed on separate layers. Each layer is treated as an independent object and has associated with it an independent set of display properties, i.e. symbol name, font size, contour colors, etc. Layers can be shown or hidden, and, to use the medical transparency analogy again, can be moved above or below other layers. Both of these document types are stored in the active WinGLink database as enclosed objects.Plate mode
Documents stored in the database can be opened in IVM plate mode, which provides you with an interface for positioning and annotating documents with legends, scales, text boxes, and other features on a single plate. Plates can then be sent to an available printer or to EMF or CGM files. Plates are stored in the active WinGLink database and, like map and section documents, can be opened and edited at a later time in IVM. 12-2 • Interpreted Views and Montage A guide to using WinGLink, Figure 1 Example of a plate containing a section document, scale box, title box and color scale.Getting started with IVM
Note: IVM can be started only if your WinGLink license agreement includes the Interpreted Views and Montage option and your dongle has been correctly configured. Please contact Geosystem for further details. To open IVM, click the Interpreted Views and Montage button located in the lower left corner of the main database window in WinGLink: The program opens with the Document Editor dialog box: A guide to using WinGLink Interpreted Views and Montage • 12-3, Recently opened IVM documents, if any, contained in the active database, their types, and the profiles with which they are associated are listed in the box in the bottom half of the dialog box. To view a list of all IVM documents contained in the database, click the More Files… label in the text box. This opens an additional dialog box which lists for selection all IVM documents contained in the database. Note: Documents are stored within the WinGLink database, not as external files. To continue, either select an existing document or create a new document by clicking the Create a New Document option button and either the Map or Section option button. If you choose to open a section document, you will be prompted to select a profile from the profiles contained in the WinGLink database: 12-4 • Interpreted Views and Montage A guide to using WinGLink, After clicking OK for section documents, or immediately if you are creating a new map, the document window opens with the following message: After clicking OK, IVM opens either the Map or Section editor, both of which are described below.Understanding how IVM works
Regardless of whether you are working with a map or a section document, the core functionality is, in principle, the same. Although the types of layers which can be added to each document type differ, how they are added to a document, most menu options and dialog boxes available to the two document types are the same. Using a section document as an example, this section will introduce the IVM features and functions common to both document types. Shown below is a section window containing a multilayer document, the toolbars and legends associated with those layers, the Layer Navigator window, and the Mouse Locator window:The document window
This is the principle area of both the Map and Section editors. Layers, as they are added, are displayed here in the specified Z-order, the order in which the layers are stacked on top of one another. The menu options contained in the View menu item and the corresponding buttons in the main toolbar can be used to adjust the area of the document displayed on the screen as in other WinGLink modules. Document can be enlarged, reduced, panned, or a specific area selected. A guide to using WinGLink Interpreted Views and Montage • 12-5, Changes in the view area are immediately reflected in the scales displayed along document window. The entire area of the document window is mouse sensitive. When the right mouse button is clicked anywhere on this window, a shortcut menu similar to the following appears: Which menu commands are listed in the shortcut menu is dependent on the type of document, the layers contained in the document, if any, as well as which layer is currently active. The functions listed in this shortcut menu can, for the most part, also be accessed in either the main menu bar or from the toolbar. As the submenu command names imply, these commands are used to add new layers and change the display characteristics of the individual layers in the document. The function of each of these and other submenu commands are described in detail later in this chapter.Layer Navigator:
The Layer Navigator window is used to manage the layers contained in the document. The first layer listed below the document name (in this example Document1), is the top-most layer in the document, i.e. has the lowest Z-order. In the example shown above, the layer Prod Wells precedes the layer C Loop EM. If the Z-order of these two layers was reversed, the wells layer would be all but hidden by the grid. To change to the Z-order of a document, click the name of the layer which is to be repositioned with the left mouse button, and drag to the new position in the Layer Navigator. After repositioning a layer, double-click the layer name to activate the layer and redraw the window. 12-6 • Interpreted Views and Montage A guide to using WinGLink, The currently active layer is displayed in red. A layer can be activated by either double-clicking the layer name with the mouse or by clicking the right mouse button anywhere within the Layer Navigator window to open the Layer Navigator shortcut menu and selecting the Edit menu command: Note: Although the available commands vary depending on what type of layer is active, the four active menu commands shown above are available for all layer types. When a layer is active, the Edit command changes to Exit Edit; when a layer is hidden from view, the Hide command changes to Show. Before a layer can be activated, it must be visible. Menu commands Show current only, Copy and Paste are not available for all layer types. The document name, the top item in the Layer Navigator, has associated with it a different shortcut menu: This shortcut menu can be used to add new layers to the document or to assign the document a new name. The toolbars, legends and available menu commands change depending on what type of layer is active. For example, when the active layer is of type grid, the display window shortcut menu contains commands for changing the color ranges and contour lines whereas for a layer of type station containing well data, this menu might contain, among others, a command for editing well logs. The Layer Navigator window is reduced to a title bar by clicking the title bar with the left mouse button. When the mouse pointer is positioned over the title bar, the window is automatically restored to its original size. Likewise, when the mouse pointer is moved off of the Layer Navigator, the window is again reduced to a title bar. To switch off this auto-close functionality, click anywhere within the Layer Navigator window, and A guide to using WinGLink Interpreted Views and Montage • 12-7, the window will remain open. Use the button, located in the main toolbar, to toggle the Layer Navigator window on and off.Mouse Locator
The Mouse Locator window displays the mouse position on the on the map or section. This window can be toggled on and off using the button located in the main toolbar.Zoom
IVM provides several zoom functions, all of which are available for both map and section documents:Zoom In/Out
When in this mode, click the left mouse button to zoom in on the document area below the mouse, click the right mouse button to zoom out. To enter Zoom In/Out mode, click the magnifying glass button to put the button into the down state: While in this mode, the mouse pointer is displayed as a magnifying glass. IVM remains in zoom in/out mode until the magnifying glass button or another toolbar button is clicked.Other zoom options
Open the dropdown list box to the right of the magnifying glass to list several zoom options: Use the numerical options to specify a zoom size. The Fit option fits the entire document onto the window. The User zoom option is used to zoom in on a selected area of the document. To use, select the User option. Immediately after selecting, the mouse pointer changes to a crosshair with a small rectangle in the lower right corner of the crosshair. Click the mouse at the desired location on the document and, keeping the mouse button depressed, draw 12-8 • Interpreted Views and Montage A guide to using WinGLink, a rectangle over an area of the document. This area of the document is then enlarged to fill the screen. Note: while the Zoom In/Out button is depressed, only the zoom in/out functions are available.Vertical exaggeration
Use the vertical exaggeration option, available in section documents, to change the scaling of the vertical axis relative to horizontal axis. For example, with a vertical exaggeration of 10, one unit length on the horizontal axis is equivalent to ten unit lengths on the vertical axis. To set the vertical exaggeration, either set a numerical value in the vertical exaggeration box, located in the toolbar, or use the scroll bars to adjust the exaggeration to a desired value:Toolbars
As discussed above in the Layer Navigator section, different layer types have associated with them different toolbars. These toolbars are floating windows, each of which contains a set of controls or legends specific to the given layer. For example, layers containing station data have associated with them a Projects Window toolbar, which is used to control the display properties of the stations contained in a given layer. Depending on the station type, other toolbars may also be available. Well log stations may have associated with them toolbars for layer data (lithologic data) – which can be used to toggle on and off stratigraphic features, as well as additional toolbars for controlling the display of numerical data and depth tags, and legends which provide details about the patterns used to describe the stratigraphy.To hide and display the toolbars associated with a given
layer: 1. Activate the layer associated with the toolbar by double- clicking the layer name in the Layer Navigator with the mouse. 2. Right click the mouse anywhere on the display window. 3. In the shortcut menu which opens, select the Toolbars command. All toolbars, if any, associated with the layer are listed in a secondary menu. Those currently displayed in the document have next to them a light gray button. 4. To toggle a toolbar on or off, click the toolbar name in the shortcut menu. Each of the toolbars is described below: Projects Window toolbar: A guide to using WinGLink Interpreted Views and Montage • 12-9, Layers containing station or profile data have associated with them a Projects window which can be used to change how the station data are displayed in the document. The Projects window serves the same function in IVM as the Project panel in the main WinGLink database window. When individual projects are selected in IVM, the Projects window contains a single project. However, when an integrated project is selected, all projects which comprise the integrated project are listed: Consider, for example, the Projects window shown above for an integrated project. The [S] and [N] buttons toggle on and off the symbol displayed on the screen and the station name, respectively. Project windows for other types contain similar options, e.g.[T] for toggling on and off profile traces (map documents only). Double-click the symbol to the right of the station type to open the Select Options dialog box to specify colors, fonts, text positions and other display properties. The Select Options dialog box may alternatively be opened by right- clicking the mouse on the document window to open the shortcut window. Position the mouse pointer over the Properties command to open a submenu which lists the station types: Color scale toolbar: 12-10 • Interpreted Views and Montage A guide to using WinGLink, The Color Scale window shows the range scale for layers containing mesh and grid data. Color ranges are set and edited in IVM using the Range Editor as they are elsewhere in WinGLink. For full details on how to use this feature, please refer to the Common Functions chapter of the WinGLink manual.To toggle the Color Scale window on and off for a given
layer: 1. Activate the grid layer by double-clicking the layer name in the Layer Navigator. 2. Right-click anywhere on the display window. 3. Click the Color Scale command from the Toolbars submenu. Other toolbars As mentioned above, different toolbars are available for different layer types. In principle, however, they all function in the same way as the Projects Window toolbar described earlier. Shown below are three toolbars available to layers containing well log data: Clicking the [S] button or checking the check boxes below the [S] button toggles the symbols for the respective value; enabling or disabling the checkboxes below the [V] button toggles the value display. Double- clicking the icons to the right of the checkboxes opens the Select Options dialog box which provides options for setting various display options.Legends
Layers containing information too detailed to be displayed in the Section window itself may also contain a legend window. For example, the pozo_lith Legend, shown below and in the Section window at the A guide to using WinGLink Interpreted Views and Montage • 12-11, beginning of this section, contains a legend for the stratigraphy data for the respective well log stations. Note: Legends are automatically created when well log stations which include layer (stratigraphic) data are imported into IVM. Bear in mind, however, that automatically created legends contain only blank pattern blocks and the names of the individual layers. Fill patterns can be created for each of the items contained in a legend with the Pattern Editor, described later in this chapter.Creating and working with layers
Map and section documents may contain the following types of layers: • Grids • Stations • Profiles (maps only) • Cultural data • Interpretation areas Note: With the exception of cultural data and interpretation areas, which are created within the Maps and Sections editors themselves, all geophysical data must exist in the active WinGLink database in its final, processed form. No data processing is possible within the Interpreted Views and Montage program. While the Maps and Section editors both generally support the same layer types, the actual data which can be displayed in the two editors is, of course, quite different. The Maps editor is used to display horizontally distributed data, whereas the Section editor is used to display vertically distributed data. Despite this fundamental difference, the individual layers types are handled in the same way in both editors. A second major difference between the two document types is the availability of data. When creating a map document, you may select from all (horizontal) grids, i.e. all map data, and all station data contained in the active database. Section documents, on the other hand, may only contain meshes or grids created using stations located along the selected profile as well as any stations assigned to that profile. This section describes how to create and work with each of the layer types listed above. The differences between the two editors, i.e. what types of physical data can be represented in each of the layer types, will be indicated at the appropriate points. 12-12 • Interpreted Views and Montage A guide to using WinGLink,Grids
Grid layers in the map and section documents may contain most types of gridded data stored in the active WinGLink database as follows: Map documents: all maps created in the WinGLink Maps program which are stored in the active WinGLink database can be placed on grid layers within a map document, e.g. elevations, gravity, apparent resistivity at depth, etc. Section documents: all section data stored in the active WinGLink database can be placed on grid layers within a section document. These include: • Sections extracted from 3D MT meshes (using X-Sections) • 2D MT meshes and grids (2D MT Inversion module: MT data) • 1D model images(Imaged Sections module, Vert: EM + MT data)Creating a grid layer
To create a grid layer in a new or existing document: 1. Right-click the mouse anywhere on the document window or right-click the document title in the Layer Navigator window to open a shortcut menu. Then position the mouse over the New Layer command to open the submenu shown below: Alternatively, you can open the layer-type submenu by clicking the Add Layer button in the main toolbar: 2. Click the Grid command; the Open Existing Grid dialog box opens: A guide to using WinGLink Interpreted Views and Montage • 12-13, Listed in the upper half of the window are all projects contained in the active WinGLink database. Select a project by clicking it with the mouse. Listed in the lower left part of the window are the grids available for the project selected in the upper half of the screen. Select a grid by clicking it with the mouse. Click the Show Preview checkbox at the bottom of the screen to display a preview of the selected grid in the lower right corner of the window. Note: When working with section documents, only grids created along the active profile are available for selection. 3. Click Open to create the grid. The new layer is automatically selected and assigned the lowest Z-order, i.e. is placed at the top of the layer stack, as can be seen in the Layer Navigator: 12-14 • Interpreted Views and Montage A guide to using WinGLink, 4. Reposition the layer in the Layer Navigator as desired by clicking the layer name with the mouse and dragging to a new position in the layer list.Working with grid layers
The same display functions available to grids within the WinGLink modules which support grids are also available in IVM. The Range Editor window can be used here to redefine the range distribution of colors used in the mesh. The display properties of contour lines can be modified using the Contour Editor. To open the Range Editor: 1. Activate the grid layer to be edited by double-clicking the layer name in the Layer Navigator or by right-clicking the layer name in the Layer Navigator and clicking the Edit command from the Layer Navigator shortcut menu. 2. Right-click the mouse anywhere on the document window to open the document window shortcut menu; select the Color Ranges command: 3. The Range Editor window familiar from other WinGLink modules opens: For a detailed description on how to use the Range Editor, please refer to Chapter 5 of the WinGLink manual, “Common Functions”. A guide to using WinGLink Interpreted Views and Montage • 12-15,To open the Contour Editor:
1. Activate the grid layer to be edited by double-clicking the layer name in the Layer Navigator or by right-clicking the layer name in the Layer Navigator and clicking the Edit command. 2. Right-click the mouse anywhere on the document window to open the shortcut menu; select the Contour Lines command. 3. The Contour Lines window found elsewhere in WinGLink opens: For a detailed description on how to use the Contour Editor, please refer to Chapter 5 of the WinGLink manual, “Common Functions”.Showing/hiding fill colors
To show or hide fill colors, activate the grid layer, then either click the button or right-click the mouse anywhere on the document window to open the shortcut menu; click the Display Options | Hide/Show Colors command: The Hide Color command toggles to Show Color when the colors are hidden. Showing/hiding contour lines To show or hide contour lines, activate the grid layer and click either the button or right-click the mouse anywhere on the document window to open the shortcut menu; click the Display Options | Hide/Show Contours command: The Hide Contours command toggles to Show Contours when the contours are hidden. Changing the display quality Two display qualities are available for grid layers: draft and presentation. 12-16 • Interpreted Views and Montage A guide to using WinGLink, Presentation quality produces a more exact representation of the data and is, thus, more time intensive. To change the display quality, activate the grid layer and right-click the mouse on the document window to open the shortcut menu. Select the Display Options | Use Presentation Quality/Use Draft Quality command. The default presentation quality is Draft. The menu command changes between Use Draft Quality and Use Presentation Quality depending on the current selection.Stations
Station layers are used to display station locations for a given project on an IVM document. Although some station data are displayed in the same way in both document types, there are some considerable differences. First the similarities. It is possible to display for stations in both document types the station name, a station symbol and the station elevation. For most station types, these values can be toggled on and off using the Projects Window described earlier in this chapter. The value data associated with stations, e.g. resistivity, Bouguer anomaly, are, however, generally available only in map documents. This is due in large to the fact that maps are defined in WinGLink to be sets of horizontally distributed data. These sets of data consist of the value data which can be viewed in the WinGLink Maps module. While it is possible to interpolate between these values to create horizontal grids, even at depth, it is not yet possible to use WinGLink to transform the values at depth to vertical sections. WinGLink considers sections, on the other hand, to be sets of vertically distributed data or models associated with a profile trace, for example well traces, 1D models or 2D models created along profile.Creating station layers
Display differences aside, station layers are handled the same way in both map and section document types. To create a station layer: 1. Right-click the mouse anywhere on the document window or right-click the document title in the Layer Navigator window to open the shortcut menu. Then position the mouse over the New Layer command to open the submenu; select the Stations command. A guide to using WinGLink Interpreted Views and Montage • 12-17, 2. The Select Projects window opens: Listed here are all projects contained in the database, the type and number of stations available for selection in each project. Station layers created for map documents will contain all stations in the selected project. Station layers created for section documents, on the other hand, will contain only those stations positioned along the active profile. If there are no stations along the profile, na is listed in the Station column. Select the desired project and click OK. 3. As with other layer types, reposition the station layer in the Layer Navigator with respect to other layers. if necessary by clicking the layer name with the mouse and dragging to a new position in the layer list.Working with station layers
Station layers containing any of the data types supported in WinGLink have associated with them a Projects toolbar, which is used to set the appearance of intrinsic station properties on the screen (name, symbol, elevation as well as format and location of text labels): Depending on the type of data the station contains and the type of document, i.e. map or section, the station may also have associated with 12-18 • Interpreted Views and Montage A guide to using WinGLink, it a Value Types window, which lists all values available for the stations: Select the check box(es) to the left of the value names to display the respective value(s). Click the [V] button located above the check boxes to display all values. Double-click the symbol to the right of the check boxes to open the Value Type Properties window for modifying the display properties of the value data, i.e. font size, text location with respect to the symbol, vector plots etc: The Value Types window is generally available only in map documents, the exception being well stations displayed in section documents. This exception aside, the values listed in the Value Types window correspond to the values available in the WinGLink Maps module. The function of the Label and Font tabs is straightforward. The function of the Vector Plot tab, shown above, is, however, worth a closer look. Using the options provided on this tab, vector arrows can be drawn for MT parameters which are expressed as complex quantities, e.g. tipper. Because the real and imaginary components of complex quantities are stored separately within WinGLink, the real portion of the vector must be linked to the imaginary portion. It is up to the user to link the correct real quantity to a given imaginary quantity. Use the radio buttons in the upper left corner to specify how the angular values are to be displayed: as segments, vectors (segments with A guide to using WinGLink Interpreted Views and Montage • 12-19, directional arrows), or not at all. Select the Hide Value check box to hide the measured value. The Module area of the Value Type Properties window contains options for specifying how the segments are displayed. The Fixed option (default) specifies that the directional arrow be displayed with a fixed length for all stations as specified in the Size field. By selecting the Linked option and selecting one of the values listed in the values field, it is possible to assign a magnitude to the directional quantity. In this way you can, for example, link the tipper magnitude at 1 sec. to the tipper strike angle at 1 sec, thereby constructing the vector quantity: When linking an angular quantity to a magnitude, the value specified in the Sizes field serves to “amplify” the magnitude value. The Vector Plot tab is available only for MT stations on Maps documents. Moreover, it is available only for the angular component of a given complex quantity. Changing projects The shortcut menu for station layers includes a command for changing projects: Clicking this menu command opens the Select Projects window shown in Step 2 of the Creating station layers section of this chapter. The project selected in the Select Projects window replaces the current project. This function can be useful when working with complex maps or sections containing cultural data or interpretation areas and you would like to create similar documents for various projects. 12-20 • Interpreted Views and Montage A guide to using WinGLink,Profiles
Profile layers are available only in map documents. As shown below, the display is similar to that seen in the WinGLink Maps module: When a profile layer is first created, all profiles in the active WinGLink database are plotted on the map document. The Projects Window, seen in the lower left above, can be used to toggle on and off the individual profile traces and profile names. Click the symbol to the left of the trace names to open the Profile Properties window, which can be used to modify text and profile display properties.Creating profile layers
To create a profile layer, right-click anywhere on the document window or right-click the document title in the Layer Navigator window to open the shortcut menu. Then position the mouse over the New Layer command to open the submenu; select the Profile command.Cultural data
Cultural data layers are used to display local cultural features. Several display elements are available for this purpose: • Labels: text labels • Text boxes: text, with extended formatting options and the option to place a frame around the text. • Shapes: choose from rectangles and ovals; shapes may be assigned colors and/or filling patterns. • Polylines: may be assigned width and color; polyline definitions may also be exported to and imported from external files. May optionally be smoothed. • Free shapes: polygonal shapes. Shapes may be assigned colors and/or filling patterns. May optionally be smoothed. May be exported to and imported from external files. • Images: external bitmap images. Images may be resized and rotated. A guide to using WinGLink Interpreted Views and Montage • 12-21, • Symbols: select from rectangles, circles, crosses and arrows. Symbols may be assigned color, width and rotation. With the exception of the cultural data layer type in IVM, cultural data do not exist in any form elsewhere in WinGLink databases. These features must, therefore, be created manually using the set of tools provided for this purpose and described below. Cultural data layers are available in map documents as well as in section documents. Several cultural data elements may exist within a given cultural data layer. Thus, this layer type actually represents a document within a document. The Z-order of the individual elements within a cultural data layer can be modified, allowing you to position one element on top of another. A cultural data layer can also be stored in the active WinGLink database and reused in other IVM documents.Creating cultural data layers
To create a cultural data layer: 1. Right-click the mouse anywhere on the document window or right-click the document title in the Layer Navigator window to open a shortcut menu. 2. Then position the mouse over the New Layer command to open the submenu 3. Select the Cultural Data command. The Select Layer window opens: 4. Listed in this window are all cultural data layers contained in the active WinGLink database. 5. To create a new cultural data layer, select theWorking with cultural data layers
As mentioned earlier in this section, cultural data layers can themselves be considered a type of document. They may consist of multiple elements, each of which is located on a separate layer. They may be stored in the current WinGLink database and reused in other IVM documents. Z-order To change the Z-order of cultural data elements within a cultural data layer: 1. Click the cultural data element which is to be repositioned. 2. Right-click the mouse on the document window to open the shortcut menu. Position the mouse over the Order command and select either the Bring to Front or Send to Back command: Bring to Front places an element on the top of the cultural data layer, Send to Back places an element on the bottom. A guide to using WinGLink Interpreted Views and Montage • 12-33, Reusing cultural data elements Cultural data elements can be duplicated within a cultural data layer by using copy and paste functions. To create a copy of a cultural data element: 1. Click the cultural data element which is to be copied. 2. Right click the mouse on the document window to open the shortcut menu. Select the Copy command. 3. Again click the cultural data element which is being copied to select it. 4. Right click the mouse on the document window to open the shortcut menu. Select the Paste command. A copy of the data element appears on the document. Note: It is not possible to copy a cultural data element from one layer to another.Interpretation areas
Interpretation area layers are used to denote specific areas of interest on a map or section document. This layer type is similar to the cultural data layer type in that the layers can be saved in the WinGLink database and reused on other documents: These layers consist of objects similar to the free shapes used in cultural data layers. Interpretation areas are drawn on a document in the same way as shapes. They are provided, however, with additional functionality. You can: • add, move or remove vertices • change the shape of an interpretation area by moving or deleting segments • assign colors and fill patterns • split interpretation areas and assign different properties (colors, fill patterns) to each part of the area 12-34 • Interpreted Views and Montage A guide to using WinGLink, • position interpretation areas within interpretation areasCreating interpretation areas
To create an interpretation area layer: 1. Right-click the mouse anywhere on the document window or right-click the document title in the Layer Navigator window to open a shortcut menu. Then position the mouse over the New Layer command to open the submenu; select the Interpretation command. 2. The Select Layer window opens. Listed here are all Interpretation areas which are stored in the active WinGLink database: To create a new interpretation area layer, select theWorking with interpretation areas
A set of commands are available for working with interpretation areas. These can be accessed either from the IVM toolbar or via the shortcut menu. The commands are available only when an interpretation area is the active layer. • Split an existing body Use this command to split an interpretation area into two parts. May be used successively to further subdivide an area. • Create a closed body Use this command to create a new body on the current interpretation area. New bodies must be entirely contained within an existing body and may not intersect any other bodies existing in the body into which the new body is being inserted. • Body union Use this command to unite two bodies. These may be either two halves of one body or a body enclosed with another. The two bodies to be united must be clicked. The entire area will take the properties of the second body which is clicked. • Move vertex Use this command to drag a vertex to a new position. • Move segment • Delete vertex • Delete segment After clicking any of the above command buttons or after selecting one of the corresponding shortcut menu commands, IVM is in edit mode. The respective command remains active until you: • Click a different command button. • Right-click the mouse on the document window to open the shortcut menu and select the Exit Edit command. • Activate a different layer in the Layer Navigator. • Create a new layer.Tools: Pattern and Category editors The Pattern editor
The pattern editor is used to create and edit fill patterns. Theses patterns can be used, for example, to fill shapes used in cultural data layers or as fill patterns to describe layers of vertically distributed data. Patterns created in the fill editor are available in the property windows of all 12-36 • Interpreted Views and Montage A guide to using WinGLink, elements which support fill patterns, both in IVM and in other WinGLink modules. In the main WinGLink modules, this feature available only for sections which contain well courses, e.g. X-Sections. To open and use the Pattern editor: 1. Select the Tools | Pattern Editor command to open the Pattern editor: 2. To create a new pattern, position the mouse over the Editing window, then click and hold down the left mouse button. Slide the mouse across the edit window to create a pattern. You may alternatively click individual squares to create a pattern. When finished, click the save button. 3. To edit an existing pattern, open the Select Pattern dropdown list. Make any changes to the pattern, then click the Save button to overwrite the pattern with your changes, or Save As… to save your changes to a new pattern. Note: The only color available in the pattern editor is red. When using patterns as a fill, you may, however, select both foreground and background colors.The Category editor
The Category Editor is available in IVM as well as the X-Sections and 2D Inversion modules. The categories are centrally stored in the database. Thus, regardless of the program in which categories are edited A guide to using WinGLink Interpreted Views and Montage • 12-37, or new categories created, the modifications are reflected throughout the database. Once categories, or types of layers, have been created, any time another layer of that type is encountered in a section within the database, WinGLink automatically performs filling.To assign fill patterns to layer data:
1. On the Tools menu of the X-Sections window, select the Category Editor command to open the Category Editor: Displayed in the Category frame are all existing categories. Categories are created automatically when importing layer data into WinGLink and can also be created using the Add New button located at the bottom of the left column. The elements in the Item frame are the description elements contained in layer-data files which were linked to the given category type during import. New items can be created using the New button located in the upper right corner of the Category Editor. 2. Select a category and item with the mouse. The current pattern type is displayed in the Pattern Type dropdown box. 3. Click the arrow at the right end of the Pattern Type dropdown box to open a box containing all available fill patterns. Choose back color and fore color for the filling using the provided drop-down boxes. 4. The Pattern Editor, which can be opened using either the button provided in the Category Editor or by selecting the Tools | Pattern Editor command on the main menu, can be used to create new patterns. The Import function, which is called up using the Import button in the Category Editor, provides a function for importing entire categories from other databases. If you import a duplicate category, the Category Editor can be used to merge the two categories together. 12-38 • Interpreted Views and Montage A guide to using WinGLink, Upon closing the Category Editor, well courses are filled with the appropriate fill patterns:The IVM Plates module: preparing documents for
printing After either map or section documents have been created and saved in Interpreted Views and Montage (IVM) they exist within the current WinGLink database as independent objects. Using the IVM Plates module, these documents can be combined with other IVM display elements, e.g. scales, legends, text boxes, or even other maps or sections to annotate documents for plotting. Once completed, plate documents can be sent to either an installed printer or to a file (CGM or EMF). A guide to using WinGLink Interpreted Views and Montage • 12-39,Getting started with the Plates module
To open the Plates module, select the Document | Go To Plate Mode… menu option from either the Map or Section window in IVM: The yellow square in the center of the can be thought of as the layout area: documents, legends, texts etc. are printed as they are positioned in this area. The size of the layout area, which is equivalent to the page size, can be set by selecting the Plate | Page Setup command. In the Page Setup dialog box which opens, select from a range of standard paper sizes. The page size is reflected in the plate axes and the size of the layout area.To display a document object on a plate:
1. Right-click the mouse anywhere in the layout area to open a shortcut menu: 12-40 • Interpreted Views and Montage A guide to using WinGLink, 2. Position the mouse over the New command to open a secondary menu containing all display elements. Click the desired type to select it. 3. Depending on the type of element selected, the mouse pointer may change to a crosshair, indicating that you are to use the mouse to create the area on the plate into which the element is to be inserted, or you may be prompted to select an image. 4. To insert a map or section document, select the Document command. The mouse switches to a crosshair with a question mark. Position the mouse pointer at the intended location of one of the document corners; click the left mouse button and drag the mouse across the screen, creating a black-framed box in the process. When the box is approximately the correct size, release the mouse. The box changes to a blue-framed box with an x though it. This box may be repositioned by clicking the mouse anywhere within its boundaries and dragging it to a new location. It may also be resized by clicking any of the yellow handles and pulling to a new location on the screen. 5. After releasing the mouse, the Open Document window opens. Select the desired document and click the Open button. Note: The most recently viewed documents are listed in the Recent tab. All other IVM map and section documents contained in the current WinGLink database are available for selection in the respective Map and Section tabs. 6. The document appears on the screen in the boundaries defined by the blue-framed box in Step 4. The document may be repositioned or resized using the same methods described in Step 4.Adjusting document properties
Depending on the size of the defining rectangle, the document may not be displayed in its entirety. The view area, as well as other document display properties, can be adjusted in the Document Properties window. This A guide to using WinGLink Interpreted Views and Montage • 12-41, window can be opened by double-clicking the document: The View area tab is available for both map and section documents. For section documents, the two center tabs are Distances and Depths; for map documents they are Metric coordinates and Geographic coordinates. Use the settings in the two center tabs to set display features such as font, grids, colors and frames. The Pattern printing options tab contains options for scaling the size of any patterns used in the document. To adjust the view area: Use the four fields on sides of the preview window and the scale field(s) to adjust the display area. Note, however, that the function of these fields varies depending on the selection states of the Keep scale and Keep frame dimensions check boxes. Maps documents contain only one scale field; section documents contain scale fields for both the horizontal and vertical scales. If the Keep scale and Keep frame dimension checkboxes are selected, changes to the view area fields serve to “pan” the document within the bounding rectangle. Changes to the scale fields zoom in or out on the document (sections only), effectively adjusting the vertical exaggeration. Click the Fit to Frame button to automatically center the document in the bounding rectangle. If the Keep frame dimension checkbox is not selected, scale is maintained as the view area fields are changed. The size of the bounding rectangle is, however, changed. Click the Fit to Frame button to automatically center the document in the bounding rectangle. If the Keep scale checkbox is not selected, the bounding rectangle remains a fixed size. Changes to any of the view area fields are reflected in the scale fields in the lower right corner. Likewise, changes made to 12-42 • Interpreted Views and Montage A guide to using WinGLink, the scale fields are reflected in the view area fields. Click the Fit to Frame button to fit the entire document in the bounding rectangle.Other display elements
The other types of display elements which can be added to a plate are typically associated with a single document. For example, a Scale Box display element reflects the scaling used for a specific Document element. To create (non-document) display elements and assign them to specific document elements: 1. As with document elements, right-click the mouse anywhere in the layout area to open a shortcut menu: 2. For example, to position a legend for layer data contained in a section, i.e. well data, select the New | Legend | Layer Data A guide to using WinGLink Interpreted Views and Montage • 12-43, command from the shortcut menu: 3. After selecting a display element, the mouse switches to a crosshair with a question mark. Use the same procedure as was used to position a new document element on the screen to create a box into which the legend (or other display element) is to be placed. 4. Immediately after releasing the mouse, an info box opens indicating that the element has not yet been linked to a document: The Link Document Info message box serves only to inform you that the element must be linked to a document before it can be filled with the appropriate information. The lower box, which contains the text “No Document Linked”, defines the 12-44 • Interpreted Views and Montage A guide to using WinGLink, rectangle into which the element will be placed once the element has been linked to a document. 5. Position the mouse within the boundaries of the new box and right-click the mouse to open a shortcut menu: Select the Link to Doc command. 6. The mouse pointer changes to a plain crosshair. Now, select the document with which the given display element is to be associated by clicking the document with the mouse. If the document supports the element, it should now be displayed correctly on the screen: 7. The display properties, i.e. text color/size, frame width etc., for each element can be modified by selecting the element with the mouse, then right-clicking to open the shortcut menu. Select the Properties menu item to open the Properties window, which contains standard formatting options. You may alternatively double-click a display element to open the Properties window. Elements which are not supported by the document to which they are linked are displayed as an empty, white box. These can be deleted by right-clicking the element and selecting the Delete command from the shortcut menu. Other display elements which must be linked to documents include: • scale box: provides information about scaling, and, for section documents, information about vertical exaggeration • color box: displays the same color range information as is displayed in the original document (color range window) • legend: layer data: provides a visual link between fill types and layer names for vertically distributed data • legend: symbols: provides a visual link between symbols used to indicate measurement points for numerical data and A guide to using WinGLink Interpreted Views and Montage • 12-45, the corresponding symbol names for vertically distributed data, i.e. temperature or pressure measurement points along well courses The remaining display elements, e.g. title box and frame, are for document-independent annotation purposes and, thus, are not associated with a specific document.Printing plates
Plates created within the IVM plates module are printed much as any other document would be in a standard Windows program. One notable difference, however, is the fact that documents can be printed to files of types EMF and CGM. To print to a file or to a printer other than your default printer: 1. On the Plate menu, select the Printer Setup option to open the Printer Setup dialog box: 2. To print to a file, click the Print to File checkbox in the Options area of the screen, then select the type of file to which you would like to print. 3. To change other printing options, e.g. printer name, print range, proceed as you would with any other Windows program. 4. To send the plate to the selected printer or file, select the Plate | Print command. Important: When printing to EMF of CGM files, note the following: Although output is not sent to a physical printer, the paper properties of the printer selected in the Printer section of the Printer Settings dialog are used. Each output file can be considered to be a page of printer output. Because the entire output is sent to a single file, however, you must ensure that the paper size selected for the printer is large enough for the entire print area, i.e. fits within the red border which defines the first page of output in the Print Preview screen. Any information outside of the first page will be clipped in the output file. 12-46 • Interpreted Views and Montage A guide to using WinGLink, 13: Tools: MagnetotelluricsTime Series: display and utilities
The MT Time Series program is used to perform the following operations: - EMI MT-1, EMI MT-24, Metronix ADU-06: • Display raw (recorded) data, measured signal or power spectra. • Correct recordings for time shift. • Decimate the recorded data. - Phoenix V5, Phoenix V5-2000 • Display raw data, measured signal or power spectra.Starting the program
1. Enter WinGLink Tools Mode. Select MT in the left panel of the Tools form. 2. Select Field Processing in the left frame. 3. Double-click the icon. 4. A dialog box appears. In the Equipment frame, select the appropriate equipment type; in the View frame, choose either the option to use the raw data (the data recorded by the system) or the signal data (electric and magnetic field in mV/Km and nT, respectively). 5. Click OK. 6. In the Band Selection window, select the Frequency Band of the time series to be displayed. (To select a different band later, choose Band Selection from the Settings menu). A default band definition is given for each type of equipment. 7. On the Settings menu, choose Plot Selection. This is used to select the channels of the time series to be plotted in each frame. 8. In the Select Time Series frame, select the drive and directory where your time series file(s) are located, and check the time series file(s) to be displayed. A guide to using WinGLink Tools: Magnetotellurics • 13-1, 9. In the Plot Channel box, select each channel you wish to display and, if needed, edit the number of the frame where the channel will be shown. 10. In the Sensitivity Factor box, enter the average value of the sensitivity of the magnetic sensors used for the magnetic channels. 11. Click OK: the selected channels are displayed in the selected frames. Use the browse bar at the bottom of the frames to navigate through the plot.Selecting the number of points to plot
In the "N. of Points" box, click the button at the right of the selected number and choose the desired value.Changing the channels to plot
Click the mouse on the number of the frame shown at the left of the screen. The Plot Selection form appears. Enter the requested information: the new selection will be applied from the current frame downward.Adding or removing frames
By default, the program makes available 7 frames. It is possible, however, to add other frames to the display and compare many channels of different time series in the same plot. All channels must belong to the same band and must be synchronized. On the Settings menu, choose Add Frame or Remove Frame. Note: Frames are added or deleted at the bottom of the plot.Changing the scale of each plot
It is possible to set the scale for each plot manually or automatically. Click the icon to enable the autoscale option for each channel. Click the icon again to disable the option. When autoscale is off, the vertical scale of each frame can be adjusted manually by clicking the two buttons at the top and bottom left of each frame. Use the up and down buttons to increase or decrease the value of the scale endpoints.Modifying the parameters for each channel
Click the icon and fill each field with the appropriate values.Displaying raw or stacked spectra
On the Display menu, choose: • Raw Spectra to display the spectra calculated on the displayed set of samples. 13-2 • Tools: Magnetotellurics A guide to using WinGLink, • Stacked Spectra to display the spectra calculated on the entire time series.Applying an adaptive filter to the selected time
series On the Tools menu, select Adaptive Filtering, then enter the time shift to be applied and select the time series to which the shift is to be applied.Correcting time series headers for time shift
errors Note: This feature is only enabled for EMI MT-1 and METRONIX ADU06 time series formats. On the Tools menu, select Time Shifting, then enter the time shift to be applied and select the time series to which the shift is to be applied.Printing the time series
On the File menu, select Print.Cascade Decimation
The MT Cascade Decimation program is used to obtain cross-powers from MT time series files using the cascade decimation processing method. Input formats: • EMI MT-1, EMI MT-24 • Metronix (ADU-06) • Phoenix (V5) time series Output format: Binary weighted cross-powers files (*.bxp).Running the program
The Cascade Decimation program is designed to run in batch mode by reading the execution control parameters from a parameter file with extension .rcd. When processing time series using the Cascade Decimation program, it is possible to enable a coherence robust processing to improve data quality. The execution will take much longer when using this option. The program can be used to perform cascade decimation on up to two sites at a time. If robust processing is enabled for either of the two sites, the time series of the two sites must be synchronized. The names of the sites, the corresponding time series paths, and the relevant parameters to be used are all saved in the parameter file. A guide to using WinGLink Tools: Magnetotellurics • 13-3, 1. Enter the WinGLink Tools Mode, select Magnetotellurics in the left panel of the Tools form and double-click 2. The main Robust Cascade Decimation form appears. 3. Select the directory into which the parameters file is to be saved, i.e. the file containing all of the information needed to run the program on each specific combination of datasets. It may be the same directory where the time series are stored or any other directory. 4. Click the New button to create a new parameter file. 5. The Parameters File Wizard form appears. 6. In the Parameters File (*.rcd) box, enter a name for the parameter file you are creating. Make sure you enter a name that will allow you later to know which sites are contained in the parameter file. In the Time Series Type box, select the equipment used to record the time series and click Next. 7. The Parameter File Wizard form, followed by the name of the selected TS type, appears. 8. In the Weighting Type frame, select the desired weighting method. 9. In the Robust Processing frame, enter the desired robust processing scheme. 10. Click Next. 11. Browse your hard disk to select the time series to be processed. 12. Click Next. 13. The time series channel assignment form appears. 14. In the Site Name box, enter the output filename with processed data for Site 1 and Site 2. 15. For each of the two sites, two files will be created with processed spectra: Filename1.bxp (binary) and Filename1.EDI (standard EDI). 16. A default reference channel layout is provided. To change it, from the Time Series Channel box, click each channel and drag the mouse, keeping the button pressed, to the corresponding reference field position. 17. When finished, click Finish. 18. The program will return to the main Robust Cascade Decimation form and you will see your parameter file listed in the Parameter Files box (bottom left). 19. To create a new parameter file for another set of MT sites, click New and repeat all steps from Step 5. 20. To edit your parameter file, select it with the mouse in the left box and click Edit. 21. To start the Cascade Decimation/Robust Processing program, select with the mouse the parameter files listed in the left box, 13-4 • Tools: Magnetotellurics A guide to using WinGLink, and use the right arrow to move each of the files to the Selected for Batch Run box. 22. In the right box, select with the mouse the parameter files to run in batch mode. 23. Click Run. A guide to using WinGLink Tools: Magnetotellurics • 13-5,Robust processing schemes
There are 8 types of coherence robust processing schemes: Type Method 1)-MCOH local E-local H Combine the weighting factor of scheme 2 with that of scheme 3. 2)-MCOH local Ex-local H Use MULTIPLE COHERENCE of Ex with the total MAGNETIC field. 3)-MCOH local Ex-local H Use MULTIPLE COHERENCE of Ey with the total MAGNETIC field. 4)-MCOH local H-remote Use the combined weighting factor of the MULTIPLE COHERENCE of Rx with the total MAGNETIC field with the MULTIPLE COHERENCE of Ry with the total MAGNETIC field. 5)-MCOH local E-remote Use the combined weighting factor of the MULTIPLE COHERENCE of Rx with the total ELECTRIC field with the MULTIPLE COHERENCE of Ry with the total ELECTRIC field. 6)-PCOH local E-local H Combine the weighting factor of scheme 7 with that of scheme 8. 7)-PCOH local Ex-local H Use PREDICTIVE COHERENCE of Ex with the total MAGNETIC field. 8)-PCOH local Ey-local H Use PREDICTIVE COHERENCE of Ey with the total MAGNETIC field. Scheme 4) is recommended when the reference site is in a low-noise area. Scheme 1) is recommended for 5-channel local reference.Cross Power Editor
The MT Cross-Power Editor program is used to edit the cross-powers resulting from the cascade decimation processing of MT time series. The program accepts as input the following formats of cross-power files:File Ext'n Output from
.bxp WinGLink Cascade Decimation. .mt Phoenix V5 processing software (MT frequencies). .amt Phoenix V5 processing software (AMT frequencies).Starting the Cross-Powers Editor
Enter the WinGLink Tools Mode , select Magnetotellurics in the left panel of the Tools Form and select . 13-6 • Tools: Magnetotellurics A guide to using WinGLink,Loading a cross-power file
1. Click the icon. 2. In the File of type box, click the button to display the supported input file formats. Select the appropriate format. 3. Browse the directory structure until the files you wish to edit are displayed in the File-Site box. 4. Select the check box to the left of the file name you wish to open. Note: the program allows the opening of more than one file at the same time. If you do so, the opened files will be merged into a single file when the results are saved. This option should be used only to merge the cross-powers contained in different input files. 5. Enter the spectra rotation of the input file, then click Open. 6. Displayed in the left window are the resistivities and phases of the sounding obtained by summing the individual components for each frequency shown in the right window. The editing process involves excluding some of these components from the weighted sum.Masking/unmasking components
1. In the left window, use the mouse to click the resistivity or phase of the frequency to edit. The color of the error bars for the selected frequency changes to red. 2. Click the button to mask/unmask individual component in the right window, or 3. Click the button to mask/unmask a group of adjacent individual components in the right window. 4. The disabled components will turn grey. The results of the editing are shown in real time in the left window.Saving the edited results
The results of the editing can be saved by clicking the button. Two formats are available for saving output data: • *.bxp files contain the map of the included/excluded components. These files can be read into the Cross-Powers Editor at a later time for further editing. • *.EDI files contain the final summed results in EDI format. These files are used as the input of the "Data Analysis" program, an MT Tools program. A guide to using WinGLink Tools: Magnetotellurics • 13-7,Saving the edit settings
When editing one sounding, the settings for one frequency (the map of the masked components for that frequency) can be saved and applied to another frequency with the same number of components: 1. Click the button. 2. Select Save Editing to save the settings. 3. Select Apply Editing to apply the saved settings. When choosing this option, the frequency for which the settings were initially saved is shown for your information.EDI Utilities
EDI Utilities are a set of routines used to convert certain data files to standard EDI-format files or to manipulate and combine EDI files.Converting Stratagem data files to EDI format
Stratagem/Imagem data can be processed as standard magnetotelluric (MT) data by first converting the z*.* files into EDI format, and then importing the converted EDI files into WinGLink: 1. Start the WinGLink program and selectSplitting multi-site/EDI files
This utility can be used to split: • 9-channel EDI files into two 7-channel EDI files • multi-site EDI files into single-site EDI files • multi-site, 9-channel EDI files into single, 7-channel EDI files 1. Enter WinGLink Tools Mode. 2. Select MT in the left panel of the Tools form 3. Select the EDI Utilities item. 4. Select . 5. Follow the Import Wizard instructions to split your multi-site EDI file into single files. The output files will be named with the name of the source multi-site file and a numeric suffix in increasing order. Example: File ASD.EDI, containing 4 sites, will be split into the following 4 EDI files: ASD_1.EDI, ASD_2.EDI, ASD_3.EDI, ASD_4.EDICombining EDI files
This utility merges EDI files containing data at different frequencies for the same MT site. Such data may result from data acquisition or data A guide to using WinGLink Tools: Magnetotellurics • 13-9, decimation. Each component EDI file can be viewed, edited with frequency masking, and eventually merged with other EDI files to output a single, consolidated EDI file. Interactive, self-explanatory commands control the inclusion/exclusion of each component EDI file from the set of files to be merged. The resulting merged XY and YX curves are shown in real-time as a guide to an efficient editing.Data Analysis Overview
This program inputs and outputs MT data as single-site EDI files. Each sounding is analyzed as a standalone dataset, and NOT as part of a project of a database. For this reason, the menu commands available in Tools Mode are limited to operations dealing with the dataset of a single sounding. • Enter the WinGLink Tools Mode • Select MT in the left panel of the Tools form • Select Field Processing from the available options. • In the right frame, select .Data Analysis commands
Some editing commands available for the MT Data Analysis in Tools Mode are also available in the Soundings program in Database mode. The differences in the features of the program in Tools and Database modes are outlined in the following table: Feature Tools Mode Database Mode Power Spectra Input spectra to compute Input spectra to compute MT parameters and quality MT impedances and MT data (telluric or magnetic parameters. Only spectra, coherencies, etc.). impedances are saved in the database Can fix the spectra packing and save edited spectra in a new EDI file for later import into the WinGLink database. TE/TM mode No Yes assignment and 1D inversion Site Not required Required coordinates 13-10 • Tools: Magnetotellurics A guide to using WinGLink,Fixing MT spectra packing
WinGLink reads and writes stacked spectra from/to EDI files using a [Real+Image] spectral conjugation structure. If stacked spectra are packed in an EDI file using a different structure, the MT parameters may be incorrectly displayed. When spectra are packed properly, the phase components will be displayed by WinGLink in the correct quadrants, i.e. +45° for one component, and -135° for the other, and predicted coherencies will be consistent. This may not be the case when the spectra packing is made using a different conjugation structure. The Fix Spectra routine allows the user to correct the spectral set by swapping or conjugating the spectra packing.Option Result
Swap changes (A+B) into (-B+A) Conjugation changes (A+B) into ( A-B) The proper spectra packing is achieved by combining these corrections in an appropriate sequence. A guide to using WinGLink Tools: Magnetotellurics • 13-11, 14: Tools: GravityThe Gravity Reduction program
The Gravity Reduction program computes the value of the observed gravity at each station from the instrument readings. Creating a survey database Enter WinGLink Tools Mode, and select the GR tab in the left panel of the Tools form. Click the item. The main Gravity Reduction dialog box appears:: A guide to using WinGLink Tools: Gravity • 14-1, In the Database frame, click New to create a database for your gravity survey. This database file will be in Microsoft Access format and will have the default extension (mdb). Note: The filename for the gravity reduction database must not contain more than 8 characters.Entering observed gravity values for base
stations 1. Create or Open the Gravity Reduction database 2. In the Database frame, Area Info box, click on Properties and complete the field information as appropriate. When finished, choose Save and Exit. The result of your input is displayed in the frame for review. 3. Click the "Edit Base Stations" button. 4. Enter the name and the corresponding observed gravity value for each base station. When finished, click Save and Exit. From now on, the program will recognize each base station by name.Defining a set of available meters
1. Create or Open the Gravity Reduction database 14-2 • Tools: Gravity A guide to using WinGLink, 2. In the Available Meters frame, select the Type of the gravity meter to be added: Scintrex autigrav and Lacoste G-meter. Click New. 3. For Scintrex Autograv meters, enter the serial number of the meter. 4. For LaCoste meters, the serial number of the meter, the multiplying factor, and the calibration data must be entered. Follow the screen instructions to complete this input sequence. When finished, click "Save and Exit" to confirm and save the data.Creating and opening loops
1. Create or Open the Gravity Reduction database 2. In the Loop frame, click New to add a new loop, then enter the loop name and select the gravity meter used for the loop from the list of available meters. Alternatively, you can select an existing loop. 3. Click Properties to edit the loop name and associated meter. 4. Click Edit Loop Data to enter or edit the date, time and reading for each station. Base stations will automatically be detected by the program by their name, and an "X" will be displayed in the Base Column for each base stations. Note: When working with the Scintrex Autograv meter, the dump files (*.dmp) with raw data can be imported in the Edit Loop Data spreadsheet, using the Import command on the File menu.Computing observed gravity values
1. Create or Open the gravity reduction database. 2. In the Loop frame, click the Edit Loop Data button and complete the input as appropriate. 3. On the main menu, click the Compute command. This command updates the contents of the spreadsheet columns with the computed data. 4. On the File menu, select Export to generate a text file with the following data for each station: Name, date, time, drift correction, observed gravity. 5. The first record of each exported file contain the type and serial number of the used meter.Plotting Tide Corrections
This utility calculates and plots tidal correction at a given location over a user-defined period of time. Its use is completely self-explanatory. A guide to using WinGLink Tools: Gravity • 14-3, 15: Appendix A: TGF filesThe TFG format
In order to import vertically distributed data, including lithologic data, into WinGLink, they must be contained in either columnar text files or in TFG-format files. This description describes the TGF specification and how to work with TGF files. The TGF format is an expandable data format specified by Geosystem for the purpose exchanging geophysical data across applications. A given TGF file may contain station data for one or more stations, e.g. name and coordinates, as well as data values for one or more values, e.g. temperature and density. TGF files may also link to other TGF files. In this way it is possible to create a batch file of sorts. For example, the top-level file might contain station data and links to several files containing different value types, e.g. temperature, pressure and density.Organizing station data in TGF-format files
TGF files are organized by block using markup tags in a way similar to those used in standard markup languages such as HTML. Within the tags, data are organized primarily as tabular data. Example of a TGF file structure:Valid tags
TGF100 File type/version, must be on the first line. Without this tag the file will be rejected. Example:WAIT
This tag instructs the importing program to stop interpretation of the file until the user acknowledges a message displayed on the screen. Example:INCLUDE
This tag allows the interpretation of another file before continuing with the current one. It is useful for keeping homogenous data in separate files. Processing will continue with the external file and will resume execution from the next line Included files cannot call each other (circular reference). If "file A" includes "file B" then "file B" can't include "file A" Be careful! If the included/called file has some tag present also in the calling file, the data of the last tag read will be kept. The include tag can be in any part of the file, but must be outside of other tags. Example: ; External links to other filesEND
This tag ends interpretation of file. It must be present Example: … …Importing TGF files into WinGLink
TGF data are imported into WinGLink using the Importing station data command located in the main Database window. To import TGF files into WinGLink: 1. On the File menu of the Database window, select Importing station data, then specify External Files. 2. Next, select the project into which the data are to be imported. For vertical data, the project must be of type Vertically Distributed Data [VD], for wells of type Wells [WL] 3. In theSample files
Sample TGF files containing vertical data are available for downloading from the Geosystem webpage: http://www.geosystem.net/downloads/tgf/tgf_samples.zip 15-6 • Appendix A: TGF files A guide to using WinGLink, 16: Index editing range bounds · 5-7 3 managing templates · 5-9 selecting and calibrating color palettes · 5- 3D Modeling 7 3D mesh definition · 10-2 Color Ranges 3D meshes in WinGLink · 10-2 defining the number of ranges · 5-6 3D models · 10-1 Contour lines about 3D meshes · 10-2 formatting · 5-11 editing meshes · 10-10 major · 5-10 exporting 3D grid files · 10-18 minor · 5-10 exporting EDI files · 10-16 setting · 5-10 exporting meshes · 10-5 setting number of decimals in annotations forward model calculation · 10-14 · 5-11 importing meshes · 10-3 showing · 5-10 mesh properties · 10-13 overview · 10-1 D Randy Mackie 3D MT mesh specification · 10-18 Database selecting a mesh · 10-3 database sharing · 3-5 the Mesh Navigator · 10-5 defining metric units · 3-4 using the 3D Modeling program · 10-3 editing the database properties · 3-4 views · 10-7 fixing wrong settings in the coordinate system · 3-4 C setting the coordinate system · 3-4 Color fill G color scale · 5-5 managing · 5-5 Gravity Tools managing colors and range bounds · 5-6 computing observed gravity values · 14-3 showing · 5-5 creating a survey database · 14-1 Color ranges creating and opening loops · 14-3 adding · 5-7 defining meters · 14-2 defining · 5-6 entering observed gravity values · 14-2 deleting · 5-7 plotting tide corrections · 14-3 editing color palettes · 5-8 The Gravity Reduction program · 14-1 A guide to using WinGLink Index • I, Gravity&Magnetic 2.75 modeling from external files · 3-10 editing menu and commands · 11-7 from multi-site EDI files · 3-13 Gravity&Magnetic 2.75 Modeling from single-site EDI files · 3-13 adding bodies to a model · 11-7 from text files · 3-11 adding control by displaying a section in Geolink 6.0 projects · 3-15 the background · 11-4 Interpex Resix Temix or EmixMT adding vertices to a body · 11-9 datasets · 3-15 clipping vertices · 11-9 into a project that already has stations · 3- creating a new model · 11-4 18 deleting a model · 11-6 MT responses from MT 2D forward deleting vertices from a body · 11-9 model · 3-17 editing the properties of a body · 11-10 stations referenced to different coordinate entering body density · 11-10 system · 3-17 entering body susceptibility · 11-10 Stratagem, Imagem data files · 3-15 loading anomaly values · 11-3 TGF files · 3-13 moving the vertices of a body · 11-9 Interpreted Views and Montage · 12-3 observed anomaly values · 11-2 category editor · 12-36 opening a saved model · 11-6 Contour Editor · 12-16 setting automatic or manual vertical shift · creating layers · 12-12 11-3 cultural data – free shapes · 12-28 setting body strike and offset · 11-10 cultural data - images · 12-29 setting label background · 11-10 cultural data - labels · 12-23 setting the body color · 11-10 cultural data - polylines · 12-26 showing body parameters in labels · 11-10 cultural data - shapes · 12-24 splitting a body · 11-8 cultural data - symbols · 12-32 Gravity&magnetic maps cultural data – text boxes · 12-24 computing Bouguer anomaly · 4-16 cultural data layers · 12-21 computing derivatives · 4-17 document types · 12-1 computing IGRF values for magnetic document window · 12-5 stations · 4-16 fill colors · 12-16 computing pseudo-gravity anomalies · 4- grid layers · 12-13, 12-15 18 interpretation areas · 12-34 computing pseudo-magnetic anomalies · Layer Navigator · 12-6 4-19 legends · 12-11 computing residual field · 4-17 Mouse Locator · 12-8 downward continuation · 4-18 overview · 12-1 filtering · 4-17 pattern editor · 12-36 polynomial fitting · 4-17 plate mode · 12-2 reduction to the pole · 4-19 Plates - display elements · 12-43 removing IGRF from magnetic stations · Plates - adjusting document properties · 4-16 12-41 removing regional field · 4-17 profile layers · 12-21 transforming vertical to total field · 4-20 station layers · 12-17 upward continuation · 4-18 toolbars · 12-9 Grid Tools vector plots · 12-19 resampling a map · 4-6 vertical exaggeration · 12-9 working with layers · 12-12 I zoom · 12-8 Interpreted Views and Montage - Plates Importing station data overview · 12-39 II • Table of Contents A guide to using WinGLink, printing · 12-46 setting fixed parameters · 9-15 setting floor error · 9-15 M setting the frequencies to invert for · 9-11 setting the main inversion parameters · 9- Mapping MT parameters 11 miniature curves with resistivity and setting variance for constraint · 9-14 phase · 4-13 taking notes · 9-20 MT induction arrows · 4-14 using the errors of observed curves · 9-15 Polar diagrams · 4-14 MT 2D inversion model editing Maps adding rows or columns to the mesh · 9-6 adding or subtracting the values of two changing rows or columns size · 9-7 maps · 4-4 creating new models · 9-3 creating a new map · 4-3 deleting rows or columns from the mesh · creating a new map from numeric well 9-6 data · 4-4 editing cells resistivity · 9-7 entering station values for a new map · 4- editing columns resistivity · 9-7 3 editing rows resistivity · 9-7 extracting station values from a grid · 4-10 elements of a model · 9-2 gridding values · 4-6 extracting a mesh from an existing importing external grids · 4-6 resistivity section · 9-5 loading a saved map · 4-5 filling a mesh with values from 3D MT set items to display · 4-2 mesh · 9-5 values used to make a map · 4-1 generating a default mesh · 9-4 MT 2D inversion locking cell resistivity · 9-8 applying static shift during inversion · 9- unlocking cells resistivity · 9-9 14 MT 2D sharp boundary inversion computing synthetic forward modeling editing sharp boundary resistivity results · 9-2 interfaces · 9-9 damping factor for locked elements · 9-15 editing sharp boundary resistivity nodes · damping static shift · 9-14 9-10 display the model as mesh · 9-17 MT 2D Sharp Boundary Inversion displaying inversion reports · 9-20 running a sharp boundary inversion · 9-16 displaying inversion results as pseudo- setting sharp inversion parameters · 9-15 sections · 9-18 MT Pseudo-sections displaying multiple models for changing sounding TE/TM mode comparison · 9-19 assignment · 8-9 error floor · 9-13 MT Pseudo-Sections errors setting · 9-15 editing sounding data · 8-10 executing batch inversions · 9-20 MT Tools exporting interfaces · 9-21 Cascade Decimation exporting models · 9-21 coherence robust processing schemes · importing interfaces · 9-22 13-6 importing models · 9-22 robust processing · 13-6 invert using smoothed curves · 9-11 setting parameters file · 13-3 inverting Hz transfer function · 9-10 Cross-Power editor inverting specific modes · 9-10 masking a group of components · 13-7 loading and existing model · 9-3 Cross-Powers Editor model development · 9-19 interactive editing · 13-6 preparing the input data · 9-1 masking one component at a time · 13-7 running the smooth inversion · 9-16 saving the edit settings · 13-8 A guide to using WinGLink Index • III, saving the edited results · 13-7 Profiles Data Analysis adding stations to construct sections · 4-13 differences between Tools and adding traces · 4-11 Database mode · 13-10 constructing sections along profile traces · fixing spectra packing · 13-11 4-12 overview · 13-10 creating a new profile · 4-11 EDI Utilities editing traces · 4-11 converting Stratagem/Imagem data files profile spectra · 4-12 to EDI format · 13-8 profile traces · 4-11 merging EDI files · 13-9 renaming a profile trace · 4-11 Split multi-site EDI files · 13-9 xy graphs · 4-12 Time series Projects adaptive filtering · 13-3 adding to database · 3-6 changing the channels to plot · 13-2 attaching a project · 3-8 correcting for time shift errors · 13-3 combining two or more projects · 3-8 displaying more or fewer channels · 13- creating an integrated project · 3-9 2 deleting from database · 3-6 displaying spectra · 13-2 editing properties · 3-7 formats supported · 13-1 viewing stations data · 3-7 loading and displaying time series · 13- Pseudo-Sections 1 creating a new pseudo-section · 8-7 printing · 13-3 displaying station dataset values · 8-9 scaling the plots · 13-2 exporting grids · 8-8 setting channel parameters · 13-2 gridding the station data · 8-7 setting the number of points to plot · masking selected station data points · 8-9 13-2S P
Sections Printing creating a new 1D section · 8-12 CGM files · 5-15 displaying data points and parameter changing the printing scale · 5-14 values · 8-14 editing text items · 5-13 gridding the station datasets · 8-13 editing the legend box · 5-13 how WinGLink handles sections · 8-1 EMF files · 5-15 using only the datasets of selected stations hiding print items · 5-13 · 8-3 loading a saved layout · 5-15 using the Category Editor to assign fill margins · 5-12 patterns to layer data · 8-4 moving print items · 5-12 vertically distributed data · 8-15 overview · 5-11 viewing sections location · 8-2 page setup · 5-12 viewing well courses and well layer data PDF files · 5-15 in sections · 8-3 PostScript files · 5-15 which data of a project are used to build a print layout · 5-12 section · 8-2 printing to file · 5-15 working with vertically distributed data · saving the print layout · 5-15 8-15 set the printer · 5-12 Soundings showing print items · 5-13 1D inversion sizing print items · 5-12 commands and graphics · 6-9 splitting pages · 5-15 IV • Table of Contents A guide to using WinGLink, common interactive editing commands · viewing resistivity curve · 6-4 6-7 viewing voltage curve · 6-4 compute a 1D smooth inversion model · Starting the program · 3-1 6-10 Stations data editing adjusting the display settings · 5-2 by spreadsheet · 6-6 displaying a value at each station · 5-2 guessing a layered model from the smooth displaying the station name · 5-2 model · 6-11 displaying the station symbol · 5-2 interactive 1D model editing · 6-11 displaying the values of the station dataset inverting edited or smoothed curves · 6-10 · 5-2 masking/unmasking data points · 6-7 displaying well courses · 5-5 opening stations from a map · 6-4 entering values from keyboard · 4-3 printing a selection of soundings · 6-3 inserting new stations along a Profile printing curves and 1D models · 6-5 Trace · 4-10 reloading original curves · 6-8 updating values by import · 4-8 running 1D inversion for selected soundings · 6-3 T running a layered model inversion · 6-11 saving edited curves · 6-6 Terrain correction maps selecting data points to edit · 6-7 about · 4-20 setting log or linear plot scale · 6-5 calculating inner terrain corrections · 4-22 setting max and min plot values · 6-5 calculating outer terrain corrections · 4-24 smoothing the curves of selected calculating total terrain corrections · 4-25 soundings · 6-3 creating · 4-21 starting the 1D inversion module · 6-8 importing and exporting terrain correction undo editing changes · 6-7 data · 4-26 which data are saved in the database · 6-2 Topography zooming in/out during editing · 6-7 setting a project as a source for · 3-7 Soundings (MT) which stations are used · 3-7 adding/subtracting 360° from phase · 6-17 commands for data editing · 6-14 compute Occam 1D model · 6-10 V compute the Bostick model · 6-10 exporting MT data to EDI format via Vertically distributed data batch procedure · 6-3 creating new · 8-15 La Torraca decomposition · 6-14 X-Sections · 8-15 options for parameter viewing · 6-4 rotating MT impedances for selected W soundings · 6-3 setting TE and TM mode · 6-12 Well Courses setting the parameters for viewing · 6-4 using · 7-1 showing pseudo MT curve from TDEM Wells model during editing · 6-17 editing well courses · 7-1 showing the invariant curve · 6-12 layer data · 7-1 static stripping · 6-15 Wells Courses Torquil Smith decomposition · 6-14 overview · 7-1 troubleshooting the data editing · 6-18 WinGLink viewing parameter values · 6-12 data formats accepted for import · 1-3 Soundings (TDEM) overview · 1-1 exporting TEM-format files · 6-5 WinGLink installation A guide to using WinGLink Index • V, how to install the software · 2-2 copying the view area · 5-1 improving graphic quality · 2-5 copying window size · 5-1 installing WinGLink upgrades · 2-3 optimizing screen resolution · 2-5 Z uninstalling WinGLink · 2-3 WinGLink windows Zooming copying color ranges · 5-1 moving the zoom window · 5-2 copying grid parameters · 5-1 zooming in · 5-2 copying images to bitmaps · 5-1 copying images to the clipboard · 5-1 VI • Table of Contents A guide to using WinGLink]15
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MICROSOFT WEB SERVICES ENHANCEMENTS 2.0 SP3 RUNTIME END-USER LICENSE AGREEMENT FOR MICROSOFT SOFTWARE IMPORTANT—READ CAREFULLY: This End-User License Agreement (“EULA”) is a legal agreement between you (either an individual or a single entity) and Microsoft Corporation (“Microsoft”) for the Microsof
ProductK009166 DATA Trailer Information Module (TIM G2) Function The Trailer Information Module (TIM G2) is a trailer mounted display for direct reading of diagnostic and trailer related information. It may also be used as a hand held diagnostic tool. It enables access to information available withi
Yammer Starter A concise, enjoyable look at using Yammer, the secure, fun-to-use private social network for your company, now from Microsoft Ralph Roberts BIRMINGHAM - MUMBAI Yammer Starter Copyright © 2012 Packt Publishing All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a ret
You Taste Like Sugar Count: 64 Wall: 4 Level: Improver Choreographer: Wil Bos – Dec. 2015 Music: "Expandable Time" by Danny Vera (album: Expandable Time) 120 bpm Intro: 16 counts S1: Dorothy x2, Pivot ½ L, ¼ L Chassé 1-2& RF step right forward, LF lock behind, RF step forward 3-4& LF step left forwa
XZ Utils XZ Utils is free general-purpose data compression software with high compression ratio. XZ Utils were written for POSIX-like systems, but also work on some not-so-POSIX systems. XZ Utils are the successor to LZMA Utils. The core of the XZ Utils compression code is based on LZMA SDK, but it
Yii Rapid Application Development Hotsh t Become a RAD hotshot with Yii, the world's most popular PHP framework Lauren J. O'Meara James R. Hamilton III BIRMINGHAM - MUMBAI Yii Rapid Application Development Hotsh t Copyright © 2012 Packt Publishing All rights reserved. No part of this book may be rep